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1914-1918: World War I Ends

1914-1918: World War I Ends. Allies Win the War. Germany sent nearly all forces to the Western Front (remember Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ) Focus on Paris - March 1918- final , massive attack which was successful at first

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1914-1918: World War I Ends

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  1. 1914-1918:WorldWar I Ends

  2. Allies Win the War • Germany sent nearly all forces to the Western Front (remember Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) • Focus on Paris - March 1918- final , massive attack which was successful at first • Second Battle of Marne-Allies backed by U.S. soldiers and tanks counterattacked which pushed the Germans back • (again)

  3. Central Powers Collapse Wihelm II • Bulgarians and Ottomans surrender • November 9, 1918 Kaiser Wihelm II of GER stepped down fled to exile in Netherlands. • GY Declared itself a Republic

  4. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!(agreement to end fighting in the war)

  5. The Paris Peace Conference began January 18, 1919 • The Allies Meet and Debate to establish terms of peace agreement • 32 Countries Represented • Allies struggle to solve conflicting aims

  6. Woodrow Wilson [USA] David Lloyd-George [Great Britain] The Big 4 Georges Clemenceau [France] Vittorio Orlando [Italy]

  7. Wilson’s Plan for Peace • President Wilson’s goals for peace after World War I, known as the Fourteen Points, included the following. • an end to secret treaties among nations • freedom of the seas, free trade, and a limit on arms • Adjust colonial claims w/fairness to colonial people • allow national groups self-determination • formation of a League of Nations in order to settle disputes between nations before it leads to war “police” the world

  8. The terms of The Treaty of Versailles How would the German people have felt about the terms of the Treaty?

  9. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919 The Treaty was designed to cripple Germany militarily, territorially and economically REVENGE ON GERMANY The main points of the Treaty 1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war “war guilt clause” 2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war. “war guilt clause”

  10. Versailles cont. . 3.     The German Army was to have no more than 100,000 men and the navy was limited to 15,000 sailors. There was to be no airforce & no submarines. The navy was only allowed 6 battleships Germany was forbidden to buy any more weapons OR other war material.

  11. Versailles cont. • 4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe they had once gained (see map). & Germany’s colonies were to be run by the Allies on behalf of the League of Nations.

  12. AND……Treaty of Versailles • Established the League of Nations What is the message of the political cartoon?

  13. The Versailles Treaty was signed between Allies and GY on June 28, 1919 FIVE years to the day after Franz Ferdinand’s assassination in Sarajevo. • GY refused at first but at threat of invasion they had no choice but to sign! • All signed at Versailles – therefore the name!

  14. Vengeance! German Nation Today in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles the disgraceful Treaty is being signed. Do not forget it! The German people will with unceasing labour press forward to reconquer the place among nations to which it is entitled. Then will come the vengeance for the shame of 1919. From the ‘Deutsche Zeitung’ [‘The German Express’] newspaper. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for the dead. By Adolf Hitler, who had served in the army and became a future leader of Germany

  15. Problems with Versailles • U.S. rejected treaty • Objected to LofN • Thought it best to stay out of EUR affairs • Worked out separate treaty with CP later on • GY upset by Treaty’s treatment • Africans and Asians mad at Allies for disregard for their desire for independence • JN and IT gained less than they wanted so they were mad. • LofN in no place to rule on these complaints because of lack of US support

  16. Political Changes Economic Costs • World War I caused widespread political unrest • Communist revolution in Russia • Governments in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire collapsed • Political, social turmoil would shape world in years to come • Cost $338 billion • War destroyed national economies • Farmland, cities devastated • Economic chaos in much of Europe • Cost Europe role as dominant economic region of world • U.S., Japan, others prospered during war Legacy of War • Human Costs • 8.5 million soldiers killed in battle • 21 Million wounded, more taken prisoner • Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian and French men died or were wounded in war • Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed some 50 million worldwide, spring 1918

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