Tornadoes

1. Tornadoes A thesis by Joao Vitor and Igor Neubauer

2. What are they ? • Tornadoesare wind columns that are made of strong winds that can spinning faster then 60 kilometers per hour.

3. What are the types of tornadoes To measure tornadoes we use something called “ Fujita scale”. This scale is one that classify the tornadoes, the f0 the lighter one, the f1 more destroyer then the f0, and… The F5 is the most destructive of all. There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.

4. Fujita Scale

5. Incredible tornadoes Sometimes incredible tornadoes occur like the F6 or the most destructive of all, The God Finger (Dedo de Deus). They’re very powerful and giants.

6. Multiple Vortex tornadoes • A multiple-vortex tornado is a type of tornado in which two or more columns of spinning air rotate around a common center. Multivortex structure can occur in almost any circulation, but is very often observed in intense tornadoes. These vortices often create small areas of heavier damage along the main tornado path. This is a distinct phenomenon from a satellite tornado, which is a weaker tornado which forms very near a large, strong tornado contained within the same mesocyclone. The satellite tornado may appear to "orbit" the larger tornado (hence the name), giving the appearance of one, large multi-vortex tornado. However, a satellite tornado is a distinct circulation, and is much smaller than the main funnel.

7. Waterspouts • A waterspout is defined by the National Weather Services as a tornado over water. However, researchers typically distinguish "fair weather" waterspouts from tornadic waterspouts. Fair weather waterspouts are less severe but far more common, and are similar to dust devils and land spouts. They form at the bases of cumulus congests clouds over tropical and subtropical waters. They have relatively weak winds, smooth laminar walls, and typically travel very slowly. They occur most commonly in the Florida Keys and in the northern Adriatic Sea. In contrast, tornadic waterspouts are stronger tornadoes over water. They form over water similarly to mesocyclonic tornadoes, or are stronger tornadoes which cross over water. Since they form from severe thunderstorms and can be far more intense, faster, and longer-lived than fair weather waterspouts, they are more dangerous. In official tornado statistics, waterspouts are generally not counted unless they impact land, though some European weather agencies count waterspouts and tornadoes together.

8. The waterspouts and multiple vortex tornadoes

9. Curiosities • Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of Pulse-Doppler radar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes, as well as by the efforts of storm spotters. • Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 177 km/h, are about 76 m across, and travel a several kilometers before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 483 km/h, stretch more than 3.2 km across, and stay on the ground more than 100 km.