SALMONELLOSIS

1. SALMONELLOSIS (Salmonella food poisoning, enteric paratyphosis) A common bacterial cause of food-poisoning worldwide. Over 1800 food-poisoning serotypes of salmonella (bacterium) exist.

2. RABIES • (Hydrophobia, Lyssa) AGENT: • - Rhabdovirus which causes an acute almost invariably fatal disease. RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • Worldwide distribution (

3. YERSINIA PESTIS (Plague, Pest, black death, pestilential fever) During the course of the disease, 25,000,000 people perished, a fourth of the population of the world. AGENT: a gram negative coccobacillus

4. LEPTOSPIROSIS [Weil's disease, Hemorrhagic jaundice (Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae), canicola fever (L. canicola), dairy worker fever (L. hardjo)] • AGENT : Spirochete, Leptospira. Pathogenic leptospires belong to the species Leptospira interrogans, which is subdivided into more than 200 serovars. The main natural reservoirs for human infection vary with serovar: L. canicola in dogs, L. hardjo in cattle, L. pomona in swine, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae in rats. • RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE Rats, mice, field moles, guinea pigs, gerbils, squirrels, rabbits, hamsters, reptiles, nonhuman primates, livestock, and dogs. In one study, 40 % of stray dogs were seropositive. • TRANSMISSION: Handling affected animals, contaminating hands, or abrasions with urine, or aerosol

5. LYME DISEASE (Lyme arthritis, Bannworth's syndrome, tick-borne meningopolyneuritis, erythema chronicum migrans [ECM], Steere's disease) • AGENT: • spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi • RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE First implicated in 1982 as agent in a 1975 epidemic of juvenile inflammatory arthropathy in Old Lyme Connecticut. Cases have been reported from 46 states and the annual number of Lyme disease cases has increased 18 fold from 497 to 8803. • TRANSMISSION: Transmitted mostly by Ixodes dammini and other ixodid ticks (three host tick with a two to three year life cycle). Ixodes dammini has a broad range of hosts; adults prefer white tailed deer but will also parasitize dogs, horses, and humans. Larvae feed primarily on rodents, especially mice. Nymphs feed on all hosts and appears to be primarily responsible for transmission of the disease to people. Birds are an important reservoir and means of dispersal. Dogs appear to be at greater risk than humans.

6. BORRELIOSIS • (Relapsing fever, tick-borne relapsing fever, spirochetal fever, vagabond fever, famine fever) A widely distributed bacterial infection spread from wild rodents by ticks or lice, with high fatality Tick-borne relapsing fever occurs in Africa, the Americas, Asia and possibly parts of Europe. The causative agents are Borreliarecurrentisand several other borrelia strains (bacterium). TRANSMISSION: • Epidemic louse-borne infection is not considered zoonotic. Endemic tick-borne relapsing fever is transmitted from the natural wild rodentreservoir by tick bites to humans and dogs. Transovarial transmission in ticks occurs. Blood-borne person-to-person and intrauterine transmission have been reported.

7. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS • (Vibriosis, vibrionic abortion) • AGENT: • Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus ss. jejuni, a gram negative, microaerophilic, curved, motile rod that is worldwide in distribution. • RESERVOIR AND • Campylobacter species can be found in pet and laboratory animal species. Transmission • to humans is by the fecal-oral route and can produce an acute gastrointestinal illness. Symptoms include • diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting.

8. MELIOIDOSIS • (Pseudoglanders, Whitmore's disease) • AGENT: • Pseudomonas pseudomallei (Malleomycespseudomallei, Actinobacilluspseudomallei ) --MOTILE, Gram negative rod RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • Normal inhabitant of surface soil and water in Southeast Asia, and tropical areas. Recent studies have shown that the water of tanks in which exotic aquarium fishes were imported was contaminated. Occurs in wild rodents, goats, pigs, sheep. Also identified in Chimps, orangutans, and macaques. • . TRANSMISSION: • by inhalation from moist soil-water reservoir, by contact with contaminated soil or water thru overt or inapparentskin wounds, or by ingestion of contaminated feeds. Can be venereal in man.

9. TULAREMIA • (Francis' disease, deer-fly fever, rabbit fever, O'Hara disease) AGENT • - Francisellatularensis, a small pleomorphic, gram-negative,nonmotile rod or coccobacillus that can survive several weeks in the external environment. • RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • Common often fatal septicemic disease of rabbits, squirrels, muskrats, deer, bull snakes, sheep, wild rodents, cats and dogs. Major reservoirs are RABBITS, TICKS, MUSKRATS. Has been reported in NHP's at an urban zoo. Natural infection in laboratory animals and zoonotic transmission from them has NOT been reported. • TRANSMISSION: • handling tissue of infected animals (direct contact with UNBROKEN skin is sufficient). Reported human infections due to a cat bite and scratch and a NHP bite also reported. transmitted by biting insects inhalation, ingestion

10. RAT BITE FEVER • (Streptobacillary fever, Haverhill fever, epidemic arthritic erythema, sodoku) AGENT: • Gram negative, pleomorphic bacillus. Two different agents can cause disease: 1. Streptobacillusmoniliformis(Haverhill Fever) *Named after a 1926 outbreak in Haverhill, Mass. attributed to contaminated milk. 2. Spirillum minus(Sodoku) • RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE Present in the oral and respiratory passages of a large number of asymptomatic rodents, including Rats and Mice. Incidence of disease appears to be low. Historically, wild rat bites and subsequent illness (usually small children) relate to poor sanitation and overcrowding. TRANSMISSION: • Man infected by bite of infected rodent or via contaminated milk or food

11. PASTEURELLOSIS • (Shipping or transport fever,hemorrhagic septicemia) AGENT: • Pasteurella multocida, small, nonmotile, polymorphic, gram-positive bacilliRESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • inhabits the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract of many animals (Rabbits, rodents, dogs, cats, mice, birds, swine). Dogs and cats are frequently healthy carriers. • TRANSMISSION: • All animals and birds may be colonized by pasteurellas, and human infection occurs by wound infection from bites or scratches. Animal-to-animal transmission may occur by ingestion and inhalation. 1986 case report of meningitis in a woman who kissed her dog (cultured positive for organism) and also had dental caries which was considered to be the route of infection

12. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER • (American Tick Typhus, Tick-borne Typhus Fever) • AGENT: • Rickettsiarickettsii. • RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • Dogs, wild rodents and rabbits. • TRANSMISSION: • Ixodid ticks (especially Dermacentor) or their host species. Most rickettsias are obligate intracellular parasites of the gut cells of invertebrates and can only survive briefly outside living cells. Crushed ticks or mites and their feces may infect through broken skin. Transmission from tick bite occurs only after several hours of attachment.

13. RICKETTSIALPOX • (Vesicular Rickettsiosis, Kew Gardens Spotted Fever) AGENT: • R. akari RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • House mouse is reservoir host; most commonly seen in rodent infested urban dwellings ie New York City and other Eastern U.S. cities. Rats and moles can also harbor the organism. Not identified as a natural disease in laboratory rodents. • TRANSMISSION: • Mite, Allodermanyssus sanguineus, transmits to mice or to man. Lab infections in humans via respiratory route have occurred but lab infections due to mite bite have not been reported

14. MURINE TYPHUS • (Flea-borne Typhus Fever, Endemic Typhus Fever, Urban Typhus) AGENT: • Rickettsia typhi RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • natural pathogen of rats and mice. Other mammals including cats, and their ectoparasites have been found infected. Outbreaks continue to occur in U.S., especially Texas. Natural lab infections have not been reported but lab acquired infections in people handling experimentally infected mice have been documented. TRANSMISSION: • transmitted by flea or lice (Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus fasciatus) to rodents or man. Humans are infected by contamination of flea bites, broken skin or conjunctiva by flea feces. Domestic animals may transport the flea vector to humans. Inhalation of contaminated dust may be a route of infection.

15. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis • Arthropod borne ARBOVIRUSES: • GENERAL: In most man is an accidental host infected when arthropods feed on him. Therefore quarantine of wild caught animals and elimination of ectoparasites should prevent: Examples: TICK BORNE viruses: 1. Russian-Spring-Summer Encephalitis 2. Louping Ill MOSQUITO BORNE viruses, ie 1. DENGUE (Breakbone Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) AGENT: Flavivirus, Flavidviridae RESERVOIR: nonhuman primates, occurs in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Caribbean including Puerto Rico, the Pacific Islands, S. Europe, S. America TRANSMISSION: mosquito vector (Aedes) DISEASE

16. HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME Hantaviruses occur in rodent populations world-wide. Rats and mice have been implicated in outbreaks and infection of laboratory personnel has resulted from infected rats. The virus is shed in the respiratory secretions, saliva, urine, and feces of infected animals and is transmitted to humans On May 14, 1993, the New Mexico Department of Health was notified of 2 persons who had died within 5 days of each other. Their illnesses were characterized by abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, headache, and cough, followed by the rapid development of respiratory failure. Tests for Yersiniapestis and other bacterial and viral pathogens were negative. After additional persons who had recently died following a similar clinical course were reported by the Indian Health Service, the health services of Arizona, Colorado and Utah were contacted to seek other possible cases. Blood and tissue specimens were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The results were negative except for signals for the Puumala hantavirus.

17. The genus Hantavirus is a member of the family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses are further divided into genotypes. Representative viruses in each genotype are the Hantaan virus, the Seoul virus, the Puumala virus, and the Prospect Hill virus. Additional groups exist. Hantaan, Puumala, and Seoul viruses are known human pathogens; Prospect Hill has not been associated with disease. • RESERVOIRS: • Rodents are the primary reservoir hosts with each hantavirus appearing to have a preferential rodent host. The epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of human disease and the severity for the infection are determined mainly by the rodent host. Available data strongly supports the deer mouse (Peromyscusmaniculatus) as the primary reservoir of the newly recognized hantavirus • Infected rodents shed large quantities of virus in saliva, urine, and feces for many weeks, but the duration and period of maximum infectivity are unknown.

18. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus • Arenaviridae • Important zoonotic agent • Wild mice principal reservoir host • Laboratory mice & hamsters • Horizontal transmission • Urine, saliva and milk • Vertical transmission

19. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus • Acquired perinatally • Persistent, asymptomatic, tolerant infection • Lifelong viremia and shedding • Disease • 7-10 months old • Emaciated • Rough hair coat • Hunched • Death

20. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus • Acquired after 1 week of life • Viremia, without virus shedding • Die acutely, or recover and eliminate virus • Adult mice • Subclinical

21. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus • Human • Clinical signs • Fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, photophobia • Differential diagnoses • Influenza, mononucleosis, herpes encephalitis, tuberculous meningitis

22. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus • Response to infection • Depopulate for public health considerations • Rederivation is not a viable option, due to in utero transmission

23. Sample Test Question • Which of the following rodent viruses can infect and cause flu-like symptoms in people? (Circle all correct answers) • Mouse hepatitis virus. • Rat coronavirus. • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. • Ectromelia. • Enzootic diarrhea of infant mice.

24. Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) • Paramyxoviridae • Infects mice, rats and hamsters • Natural infections are subclinical and short-lived • Immuno-compromised mice • Chronic pneumonia & eventual death

25. Rotaviruses • Reoviridae • Uncommon in colonies today • Associated with clinical disease • Mouse • Group-A rotavirus • EDIM = epizootic diarrhea of infant mice • Rat • Group-B rotavirus • IDIR = infectious diarrhea of infant rats

26. Rotaviruses • Clinical signs • Neonatal diarrhea • Stunted growth, lethargy & distended abdomens • Mortality low • Adults – asymptomatic • Rat rotavirus may be zoonotic

27. Pneumocystis carinii • Protozoa vs. fungus • Ubiquitous, opportunistic microorganism • Life cycle within the lung alveoli • Latent infections in many species, including man • Different organism in rats and mice, than in humans • Normally nonpathogenic • Airborne transmission

28. Pneumocystis carinii • Clinical pneumonia is usually associated with pre-existing conditions • Neoplasia, immunodeficiency, immature immune responses • Treatment and Prophylaxis • Trimethoprim-sulfa • Albendazole • Control • Rederivation of infected colony

29. Pneumocystis carinii Lungs: Enlarged and solid Firm and rubbery Organism clusters adhere to alveolar wall Capillary blockage Pulmonary insufficiency 10X 40X

30. Cryptosporidium muris • Protozoa, uncommon • Epithelial brush border • Mice - gastric colonization • Rats - Intestinal colonization • Zoonotic potential

31. Giardia muris • Protozoa - Lumen of anterior small intestine • Infects young and adult mice and rats • Low degree of pathogenicity, except in nudes • Rough hair coat, lethargy, distended abdomen • Diagnosis • Pear-shaped trophozoites in SI • Cysts in feces

32. Pinworms • Common • Usually asymptomatic • Heavy infections “associated with” • Rectal prolapse, intussusception, enteritis, fecal impaction • Can infect both mice and rats • Syphacia obvelata – common mouse pinworm • Syphacia muris – common rat pinworm • Aspicularis tetraptera

33. Pinworms • Syphacia spp. • Direct life cycle – 11-15 days • Adults found in cecum and large intestine • Eggs deposited on perianal region • Infective 5-20 hours after release • Diagnosis • Cellophane tape test • Banana shape • Fecal exam is NOT reliable

34. Pinworms • Aspicularis tetraptera • Direct life cycle – 23-25 days • Adults found in large intestine, not cecum • Eggs passed in feces • Infective 5-8 days after excretion • Diagnosis • Fecal examination • Football shape • Cellophane tape test - NOT reliable

35. Pinworms • Treatment = Anthelmintics • Ivermectin • Injection, “micro-dot,” misting, drinking water • Sensitive mouse strains, eg. C57Bl/6 • Fenbendazole • Feed or drinking water • Multiple treatments • Control • Rederivation, depopulation, isolation, strict sanitation

36. Tapeworms • Hymenolepis nana = Dwarf tapeworm • Direct or indirect life cycle • Clinical signs – heavy infection • Retarded growth, weight loss, intestinal occlusion • Small intestine • Zoonotic potential

37. Tapeworms • Hymenolepis diminuta • Indirect life cycle • Arthropod intermediate host • Clinical signs • Similar to H. nana • Upper small intestine • Zoonotic potential

39. Pediculosis = louse infestation • Polyplax serrata (mice) Polyplax spinulosa (rats) • Sucking lice • Direct contact transmission • Adults - host anterior dorsum of host • Eggs attach are base of hair • Clinical signs • Anemia, unthriftiness, debilitation • Vector of disease transmission • Examples: hemobartonella, tularemia, trypanosomes, rickettsia

40. Malocclusion • Dental formula: I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3 • Incisorsgrow continuously throughout life span

41. Mammary Tumors • Common in aged mice and rats • Can grow rapidly • Rats • Benign fibroadenoma • Mice • Malignant adenocarcinoma

42. Miscellaneous Alopecias • Bite wounds • Male mice fight viciously • Barbering • Dominance behavior • Shaved, nonerythematous appearance • C57Bl/6 necrotizing dermatitis

43. Mycoplasmosis • Mycoplasma pulmonis • Small, gram-negative, pleomorphic organism • Lacks a cell wall • Mice and rats are natural hosts • Vertical and horizontal transmission • Clinical signs • Often subclinical • Upper respiratory • snuffling, chattering • oculonasal discharge • Sick rodent signs

44. Mycoplasmosis • Pathology • Colonizes luminal surface of respiratory epithelium • Purulent rhinitis, otitis media, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia • Rat – marked hyperplasia of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) • Also other tissues, such as female genital tract • Endometritis, pyometra, salpingitis, perioophoritis

45. Mycoplasmosis • Control • Treatment with antibiotics (tetracycline) suppress overt disease, but is not curative • Rederivation may not be successful due to in utero transmission • Procure mycoplasma-free animals • Rigid sanitation

46. Salmonellosis • S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis • Fecal-oral transmission • Clinical signs • Sick rodent signs, diarrhea • Pathology • Splenomegaly • Multifocal hepatic necrosis • Control • Prevent wild rodent contamination

47. Tyzzer’s Disease • Clostridium piliforme (Bacillus piliformis) • Gram-negative, spore-former • Hosts: mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, horses, dogs • Fecal-oral transmission • Clinical signs • Most often in weanlings • Mice: diarrhea, body wasting sudden death • Rats: abdominal distention diarrhea is uncommon • Morbidity and mortality varies

49. AAALAC Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International AALAS American Association for Laboratory Animal Science AC Animal Care, APHIS, USDA ACLAM American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine AGRICOLA National Agricultural Library’s Agricultural OnLine Access (USDA) APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA) ARENA Applied Research Ethics National Association ASLAP American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners AV Attending Veterinarian AVMA American Veterinary Medical Association AWA Animal Welfare Act AWIC Animal Welfare Information Center AWRs Animal Welfare Regulations (USDA)

50. LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS - LCM • AGENT: • Arenavirus Of many latent viruses present in mice, only LCM naturally infects humans. LCM can easily be transmitted from animals to humans. Isolated by Armstrong and Lillie during investigation of a St. Louis Encephalitis outbreak in 1933. RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE • Worldwide in wild mice (M. musculus). This disease is principally confined to the eastern seaboard and northeastern states in the U.S. Wild mice infect the lab mouse. Mouse and hamster are the only species in which long term, asymptomatic infection is known to exist. *LCM virus is present in experimental mouse tumors which is a second source of infection for humans. This was first recognized in a transplantable leukemia of C58 mice. The disease can also be transmitted to laboratory animals via inoculation of infected tissue culture cells. The infection also occurs in guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, canines, swine, and primates. TRANSMISSION: • Infection in mice is maintained by congenital infection followed by lifelong carriage and excretion of virus in saliva, urine, and feces. Human infections are probably from contaminated food and dust, the handling of dead mice, and mouse bites. Bloodsucking arthropod vectors such as ticks, lice, and mosquitos may transmit the disease. Person to person transmission does not occur.