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Salmonella and Salmonellosis

Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Maryanne E. Tocidlowski, DVM Houston Zoo, Inc. What is it?. Family Enterobacteriaceae Gram negative, rod bacteria, motile (most) Newer classification: 2 Species: S. enterica, S. bongori S. enterica - subspecies I, II, IIIa, IIIIb, IV, VI

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Salmonella and Salmonellosis

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  1. SalmonellaandSalmonellosis Maryanne E. Tocidlowski, DVM Houston Zoo, Inc

  2. What is it? • Family Enterobacteriaceae • Gram negative, rod bacteria, motile (most) • Newer classification: • 2 Species: S. enterica, S. bongori • S. enterica - subspecies I, II, IIIa, IIIIb, IV, VI • By biochemical and antigenic reactions • Subspecies II, IIIa, IIIIb, IV, VI and S. bongori usually isolated from cold blooded animals and environment • Older classification: • 3 Species: Cholerae-suis, typhi, enteritidis • Based on serologic and biochemical reactions • Many serotypes of S. enteritidis • Serotyping – 3 antigen structures • O (surface layer), H (flagella), V (capsule)

  3. How does it work? • Penetration of the bacteria into intestinal wall, produces a cytotoxin, marked inflammatory response with enterotoxins, then fluid feces

  4. Who is affected? • Anyone exposed – est 1.4 million cases annually, 400 deaths • Impaired immune systems • Children (< 5 yo) – 5x more likely to get infected • Infants • Elderly • All animals

  5. What are the signs or symptoms? • Starts 12-72 hours after exposure • Diarrhea • Fever • Abdominal cramping • Can last 4-7 days • Systemic infections • Occasionally long term illness • (Reiter’s syndrome)

  6. Where do you get it from? • Worldwide occurrence • Different subspecies vary in their epidemiology • Lives in the intestine of humans and animals • Eating foods contaminated with salmonella • Of animal origin • Vegetables • Fecal-oral route • Estimated 6% of infections from contact with reptiles and amphibians

  7. Diagnosis • Culture on selective media • Biochemical reactions • Serotyping • O antigen – outer layer of cell • H antigen – filament portion of flagellum • V antigen – capsular polysaccharide

  8. Is there a treatment? • Usually not treated, self limiting • If systemic, can give antibiotics • Supportive oral fluids

  9. Prevention of Salmonellosis • HANDWASHING !! • No reptiles/young birds in households with babies or children • Cook foods-No raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, meats, unpasteurized dairy products • Wash produce • Handwashing

  10. Prevention part 2 • Report cases to the local public health departments • Send isolates to City/County/State labs • Ban on selling small turtles (< 4 inches) • Treatment of municipal water supplies • Improvement in farm hygiene, slaughter plant practices, produce harvesting and packaging • Education of food handlers • Irradiation of meats

  11. Websites • www.cdc.gov • www.pueblo.gsa.gov/rc/turtles.html • www.textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.html

  12. Thanks

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