Islam in a Globalized World

1. Islam in a Globalized World

2. Muslim Brotherhood - Origins • Founded 1927 by Hasan al-Banna in Ismailia • Reaction to: • Colonialism • Secularism: ex. Orientalists in Azhar, Ali Abd al-Raziq, TahaHusyan • Main features: • Grass-roots Islamic revival = mobilizing Abduh’s reforms • Anti-colonial • Anti-Zionist • Highly Organized: usra to murshid al-aam • By 1940’s in Egypt it was almost state within a state, with hospitals, companies, etc • Sent volunteers to aid in 1948 war • Violence against gov. and after 1948 against Jews in Egypt  1949 Banna gunned down

3. Egyptian MB post 1952 • 1954 crackdown: dozens hung and Brotherhood disbanded and banned • SayyidQutb: Jahiliyya / Hakimiyya • Slight rehabilitation under Sadat after 1970 • 1981: mass arrests of over 1500 • Umar al-Tilimsani and MahdiAkef: non-violent political opposition movement • Numerous Journals: ex. Al-Da’wa

4. Islam is the Answer

5. Ikhwan in Other Arab Countries • Syria: repression and rebellion (1981) • Hama and Damascus branches • MB attacks  1980 death sentence on members • 1982 Hama uprising: 5000-20,000 civilians killed • Since 1980s call for shura, independent judiciary • Sudan: forming a shaky government • National Islamic Front founded 1976 with HasanTurabi as leader (attorney general in 1979) • 1989 coup by Gen. Umar al-Basheer and Turabi • Turabi’s platform: all Sudanese equal, no hadd until ideal state achieved, women and men totally equal • Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco…

6. Yusuf al-Qaradawi (b. 1926) • Student of Muhammad al-Ghazali and Ikhwan member… jailed several times in Egypt until he left for Qatar • Global Mufti: • Al-Jazeera show ‘al-Shariawa al-Hayat’ • Popular writer: ex. Al-Halalwa al-Haramfi al-Islam • Fatwas: • Suicide bombing in Palestine • US troops allowed in region to defend, but Muslims can fight US military • Kufr and rejecting truth?

7. FethullahGulen (b. 1941) • Head of largest group of Said Nursi (d. 1960)’s followers (Nurju)… bases his writings on Said Nursi’s • Served as preacher for 30 years for Ministry of Religion, based in Izmir • Compatibility of Islam, democracy, science and human rights, global economy • Movement focuses on building schools and interfaith dialogue • Since 1997 living in the US

8. Gülen in The Messenger of God Muhammad show the Prophet as the embodiment of the moderate and holistic religious vision: "The problems of our time will be solved by following the way of Muhammad.” Only the Prophet’s model offers us the ideal healthy and holistic combination of science and religion, worldliness and spirituality: “the Prophet Muhammad perfectly combined a philosopher's intellect, a commander’s valor, a scientist's genius, a sage's wisdom, a statesman's insight and administrative ability, a Sufi master's spiritual profundity and a scholar's knowledge in his own person.” Gulen on spousal abuse

9. TablighiJama’at • Founded outside of Delhi in 1926 by Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas • Reaction to Hindi proselytizing movements • Hugely influential in South Asia: massive annual meetings in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh • Faith revival, tied to Deobandi school and mild Sufism

10. The Six Directives • All Muslims must know the shahada • … How to pray properly • … basic Islamic beliefs • All Muslims must honor fellow Muslims • Muslims must always be honest and sincere • All Muslims must devote time to preaching to others.

11. TablighiJama’at around the World • Very active on university campuses • Malaysia and Indonesian focus on moving ‘Mulims’ away from syncretic practices • Non-political, although it receives tacit and sometimes mild active support from some Muslim governments like Pakistan