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Earth Science

Earth Science. Objectives: Seismic Activity Map Assignment Identify, compare, and model earth’s layers. Identify and examine historical evidence of plate tectonics. Identify, compare, and model plate boundaries. Plate Tectonics. Continental drift Continental Crust Convection

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Earth Science

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  1. Earth Science Objectives: • Seismic Activity Map Assignment • Identify, compare, and model earth’s layers. • Identify and examine historical evidence of plate tectonics. • Identify, compare, and model plate boundaries.

  2. Plate Tectonics

  3. Continental drift Continental Crust Convection Convection Current Convergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Mid-Ocean Ridge Ocean Trench Pangaea Plate Tectonics Seafloor Spreading Subduction Zone Mid-Atlantic Ridge Plate Tectonic Vocabulary

  4. Crust a. What are the two types of crust? b. Each type of crust is composed of what kind of rock? c. Which type of crust is denser?

  5. Continental margin – where the ocean water covers the continental crust Deep ocean basin- where the ocean water covers oceanic crust Shorelines are not true boundaries: water Continental margin Oceanic basin Continental crust Oceanic crust • The ocean water may cover miles of the continental crust

  6. Earth’s Tectonic Plates dpc.ucar.edu

  7. Crust • The crust is broken into separate plates. • How many plates are there? • T or F Plates are stationary.

  8. Plate Movement • What causes plates to move? • As the plates move, everything on them moves along with them. • Examples: *The North American plate moves west at a rate of 4 cm per year (1.6 in./yr) *The Pacific Ocean plate moves northward at the same rate.

  9. Plate Movement • Convection currents produced in the mantle cause the plates to move. • As the plates move, everything on them moves along with them. • Examples: *The North American plate moves west at a rate of 4 cm per year (1.6 in./yr) *The Pacific Ocean plate moves northward at the same rate.

  10. PLATE TECTONICS • The continental & oceanic plates on the earth’s surface are constantly moving. • Many geologists believe that at one time all landmasses were together: supercontinent. Also called?

  11. Pangaea

  12. uni-graz.at • Alfred Wegener: • He was a leading scientist in providing • evidence that continents were moving. • CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY: • *Continents are drifting or moving. • *Break-up of Pangaea occurred around 240 million yrs ago • * Over time continents broke up into smaller pieces and have drifted to their current location • *The continents are currently still moving

  13. Alfred Wegener: Continental Drift EvidenceEvidence: 1. Similarities in coastlines2. Similarities in fossil records3. Similarities in rock

  14. Continental Drift: Evidence • 180 million years ago, Pangaea began to break up into separate continents. • Provided evidence of ancient animal and plant remains from South America, Africa, India, and Australia that were very similar.

  15. What problem or concern do you think other geologist had with Wegner’s theory? Could not provide direct evidence that the continents were moving. Wegener’s Continental Drift Theory

  16. Where?: Under the Atlantic Ocean What? Mountain Range Mid Atlantic Ridge the ridge looks like a mountain with a valley running down the center Who? Harry Hess Continental Drift Theory: Conclusive Evidence velikovsky.info

  17. Aerial picture of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

  18. Studied rock data from the Mid Atlantic Ridge Found in the center of the ridge is a crack or rift. Magma would flow up through this rift Harry Hess’ Important Observations

  19. Harry Hess Conclusion: The ocean floor was moving away from the ridge on both sides. As it moved away, it was replaced by rising magma that cooled and solidified into new rock. He called this process: Sea Floor Spreading

  20. Sea Floor Spreading Thingvellir, the spreading zone in Iceland between the North American (left side) and Eurasian (right side) tectonic plates. January 2003.

  21. Hess’ Later Observations and Conclusions Continued to support sea floor spreading. Evidence by further studying the structure, properties, and age of the rock around the Mid-Atlantic ridge.

  22. Scientific Evidence is Dynamic Scientific evidence presented to the public is only established after years of sound research in the hands of many scientists. Despite this truth, scientists continue to test these facts as technology advances. Homework: Read and annotate the article “ UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars”. Explain with three supporting facts from this article why the statement above is necessary for science to remain beneficial to humanity.

  23. Bell Ringer: Plate Tectonics 1. Identify the 4 layers of the earth and what state of matter (solid or liquid) they are in. 2. Which layer(s) is/are responsible for the magnetic field around the earth. Explain your answer. 3. What is plate tectonics? 4. What indirect evidence did Wegener have to hypothesize his continental drift theory? 5.What direct evidence did Hess have to conclude from his research seafloor spreading? 6. What causes plates to move?

  24. Plate Boundaries • Plate boundaries are where two plates meet. • What type of plates can meet? • There are 3 types of plate boundaries: 1. divergent boundaries 2. convergent boundaries 3. transform boundaries

  25. Earth’s Tectonic Plates dpc.ucar.edu

  26. Divergent Boundaries What are divergent boundaries?

  27. Iceland is along a divergent boundary. The North AmericanPlate & the EurasianPlate Divergent Boundaries

  28. Thingvellier,Iceland

  29. Divergent Boundaries Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Extends from the Arctic Ocean to beyond the southern tip of Africa & moves 2.5cm per year.

  30. Divergent Boundaries: African Rift Valley – east African Plate is spreading & has torn Saudi Arabia away from the rest of the African continent forming the Red Sea

  31. Convergent Boundaries What is a convergent boundary?

  32. Convergent Boundaries There are three types of convergent boundaries? 1. Oceanic-oceanic 2. oceanic-continental 3. continental-continental nature.nps.gov

  33. Convergent Boundaries Continental Convergence: • Continental convergence form mountain ranges • Example: Himalayan Mountains formed by the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian Plates. nature.nps.gov nature.nps.gov

  34. Himalayan Mountain Range destination360.com geography.howstuffworks.com

  35. Convergence Boundaries: Continental and Oceanic Convergence: • Create trenches and volcanic mountains • One crust subductsunder another.

  36. Aleutian Islands • Pacific Plate & North American Plate form the Aleutian Islands in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of Siberia

  37. Andes Mountains Nazca Plate & South American Plate form the Andes Mountains on the western border of the South American continent geo1202peru.blogspot.com

  38. Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic Convergence • Creates trenches, volcanic islands, and volcanic island arcs • Subduction zone

  39. Mariana Trench • Located in the Pacific Ocean near Japan. • Created by ocean-to-ocean subduction. -Phillipine Plate is subducting under the Pacific Plate

  40. Transform Boundaries What is a transform boundary?

  41. Transform Boundaries Create Earthquakes The Pacific Plate and the North American Plate slide past each other. San Andreas Fault By Robert E. Wallace, USGS

  42. Plate Tectonics Homework due Wednesday: • Complete sea floor spreading questions. • Complete questions from plate tectonic worksheet. • Continue to record seismic activity. Heads-Up: • Quiz tomorrow over Earth’s Layers/Plate Tectonics • Test on Monday: Earth’s Layers and Plate Tectonics

  43. Sea Floor Spreading Model • Use the picture below to help understand the sea floor • spreading model you made last week. • What kind of boundary is represented at #1? (slit?) • What kind of boundary is represented at #2? (slit?) 1. 2.

  44. Plate Tectonics Objectives: • Sea Floor Spreading Model qts. due • Plate Tectonic Map qts. • Impacts of Plate Tectonics (video/text) • Plate Tectonic Gallery Walk • Plate Tectonics on Mars article • Study Guide

  45. What does Plate Tectonics Impact? • Read pg. 257 and record in your notes the following: * What is effected by plate tectonics? *How is it effected by plate tectonics? * Why is it effected by plate tectonics?

  46. Plate Tectonics • How does it affect climate? * Changed the climate over the last 250 million years by constantly creating geological processes (volcanoes;earthquakes) that produced heat and chemicals in the atmosphere that would promote and support life. Climate keeps most water from freezing. • How does it affect life? • Plate tectonics promotes diversity among animals by causing isolation due to geographical formations (mountains).

  47. Plate Tectonics on Mars • Annotate and write a descriptive summary about the article, “UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars.” • Due:

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