International Summit on the Energy Water Food Nexus between 26th to 28th March 2015 at FAMU.USA

1. International Summit on the Energy Water Food Nexus between 26th to 28th March 2015 at FAMU.USA Climate Change, Food Security and Climate Smart Agriculture The Indian perspective Dr. Kirit N Shelat Executive Chairman, National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD) Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009. Gujarat, INDIA. Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M) Email: info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org Dr. Bharat C Patel Director, BP Energy & Environmental Consultants, USA & Council Member of National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD) Email: bpatel46@gmail.com , Phone: (609) 721- 3552

2. Food Security and Climate Change: Three intertwined Challenges The Global Situation Ensuring Food Security • Enough food but in 2010-12 almost 870 million people were estimated to be undernourished (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations et al…2012). In addition, another billion people are malnourished. • The paradox is that concomitantly a large number of people mainly in richer countries are over eating, resulting in long-term health issues. • For poor farmers, food is not only a basic need but it is the single, and often fragile, support for maintaining livelihood. • What is true at the household level is also true at the macroeconomic level. There are 32 countries, 20 of them in Africa, facing food crisis and in need of international emergency support. In most of these countries, agriculture is an important source of employment.

3. Food Security and Climate Change: Three intertwined Challenges • Objective is to ensure food and nutrition security, worldwide. Need to make sure that enough food is accessible to everyone, everywhere, physically and economically. • Between now and 2050, the world’s population will increase by one-third. Most of the additional 2 billion people will live in developing countries and more people will be living in cities. • FAO estimates that production will have to increase by 60 percent by 2050 to satisfy the expected demands for food and feed. • Objective is achievable provided the entire Agriculture sector is moved to adapt climate smart agriculture practices. (Source: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, FAO -2013)

4. Climate Change Impacts and Human Rights Direct climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas, threaten millions of people in coastal and low-lying areas, while melting snow and ice threaten the security of indigenous people of the Arctic. Loss of freshwater resources and glacial melt put communities at risk in the Andes and the Himalayas. At the same time, intruding seas contaminate groundwater in coastal communities. Ocean acidification and changes in weather patterns alter ecosystems and their capacity to provide goods and services to human communities. Increasing weather extremes constrain food security and access to nutritious forms of food while changing the prices of global commodities, making food more expensive and harder to access for the world’s poorest people. Continuing delays in mitigating climate change mean the costs of adapting are increasing, as is the risk of experiencing severe and irreversible loss and damage. A recent UNEP report estimates that adaptation costs in developing countries are two to three times higher than projected in previous studies. Climate change has exacerbated poverty for vulnerable people around the world - and will continue to do so - even though they are the least responsible for causing it. (Source: Adapted from Climate Change: tackling the greatest human rights challenge of our time - Centre for International Environmental Law & CARE International – Feb 2015) 4

6. There are three kinds of impact of change in climate

7. Climate change and water cycle Understanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for Agriculture • Underground water resources are reducing due to high discharge by tube wells –for agriculture and more for washrooms in new urban enclaves. • Increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urban areas -drives away water even from irrigation dams. • Increase in temperature results in higher evaporation rate and reduced water availability. Further reducing “Soil Moisture” directly impacting on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water scarcity for cattle and human beings and require migration plan.   • Rise in sea – level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi – Navsari, Cambay – Anand resulting in direct loss of agri. land. This may need planned shifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangroves and Casuarinas. • Inundation from flood – reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil. • Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area – Taluka wise and give Agro Advisory – how to preserve and use water.

8. Climate change and its impact on water cycle at local level

9. Climate change and its impact on water cycle at local level (Source: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, FAO -2013)

10. Some Important leads • Anand Agricultural University for Gujarat • 3°C increase could reduce • CERES-Peanut (Groundnut) yield by 31.2% / yr. • CERES-Wheat by about 44% / yr. Across India as a whole • Drought in 2002 reduced 15 million hectares of the rainy-season crops - loss of > 10% in food grain production. • 2013 delayed monsoon rains caused a fall in rice cultivation. • Terminal heat stress is lowering yields of late-sown wheat yields and cold waves during December 2002-January 2003 significantly affected mustard, mango, guava, papaya, brinjal, tomato and potato in northern India. • Cold wave in 2006 damaged 50-60 % of young and 20-50 % old mango trees. • Heat waves • Nearly 20 lakh birds perished in June 2003. • Can reduce milk yield by 10-30% in first lactation and 5-20% in second and third lactation periods in cattle and buffaloes.

11. Small farmers stared at big lossesthe last monsoon season • Monsoon delay has pushed 20 of the 75 districts in UP to the brink of drought. • Worst-hit are in Meerut, Kanpur and Varansi, where dry spell has damaged paddy. • Unusual rain has harmed crops in parts of Bankura, Purulia and East Midnapore in Bengal. • Large-scale flooding, after heavy rains affected 23 districts in Odisha and entire regions of Kashmir. • Source: Economic Times, 7 September, 2014

12. Soil & Climate Change Soil Moisture content affected Soil erosion including washing away Soil productivity reduced capacity to grow and sustain same crop every year not certain, resulting in low yield or crop failure 12

13. Effect of Climate Changes on Live Stock • Summer – Drought- heat waves • Monsoon – Floods , Heavy Rains & long period, interval of rain • Winter and severe cold • Milch cattle: milk yield goes down in increased heat or cold wave • Poultry: egg yield goes down • Fisheries: fish catch goes away

14. Indian Situation

15. Indian Situation • India’s success over six decades: • 2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth • Brought many out of poverty • Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges • Validated research into rise in productivity • Several states and individual farmers with average productivity, higher than, or equal to international level • But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sectors like services and manufacturing. Latter have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is increasing rural and urban divide • Further there is unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village with similar land and water resources, one makes profit and other fails – commits suicide • Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to poverty • Farmers suicide / large scale exodus to urban centers • There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line

16. Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time? What CSA means: • Helps achieve sustainable development goals. • Integrates and coordinates– social, economical and environmental development to meet the challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood to farmers (b) food security to hungry millions, and (c) eradication of poverty. It is composed of four pillars: • Increase agriculture productivity and income. • Adapt and build resilience to climate change. • Reduce GHG emissions without harming farmer’s interest. • Use agriculture as a major tool for the mitigation of CO2- absorb CO2 and release Oxygen through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve this through (a) increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through integrated water and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture on wasteland, wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture.

17. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)  • It prepares farmers to be agriculture smart on a regular permanent basis rather than ad hoc or transitory to survive the onslaught impact of climate change. • The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agriculture Scientists, Extension Teams and Agricultural Organizations both Public and Private, and of course Public leadership is to make this happen. • It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in overall development strategy at local level - village level.

18. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) • Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture • Despite adverse climate impact on crops/animals, income to farmers should not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to have multiple sources of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, milch cattle and poultry. So when one fails, other supports. • It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills, support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house technology. • It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities – by way of crop insurance – for crops and animal husbandry. • It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at times of drought or whenever needed.

19. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) • Sustainable DEVELOPMENT • Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously. • This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also in the infinite future. • The word “Sustainable Development” has well-known implications. • It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable livelihood. • Sustainable livelihood means..... • Provide enough to all to live or exist. • It should not become less and that, • There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life. • This should happen at local level – village level

20. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) • Climate smart agriculture involves : • Crop pattern based on soil health and moisture analysis of individual pieces of land to support crops that can be sustained by its soil. • Local Weather Advisory – not national or state level - long term, medium term and short term with inputs to take precautionary actions directly to farmers. • Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss. • Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry. • All these by direct communication to the farmers at their doorsteps. • And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism.

21. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) It further involves use of : Biodiversity Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM) Conservation of agriculture system Organic and inorganic inputs Agroforestry , Perennial crops Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such conditions Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS) Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer with details of (a) that can be sustained (b) nutrient that are needed. This in context of change in demand for food products and increased demand for poultry products, meat, dairy products and fruits & vegetables. 21

22. Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas and Typical Solutions – Gujarat – India

23. Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas and Typical Solutions – Gujarat – India

24. Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas and Typical Solutions – Gujarat – India

25. RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENT River is an important physical agent that plays a vital role in distribution of water and maintaining equilibrium of water in hydrological cycle. The area from where river collects water is termed as watershed or catchment area. The whole unit can be defined as a basin where set of physical processes are interlinked with each other and maintain relationships between biological and non biological components. Major civilizations have developed around rivers or within balanced watershed regions due to healthiness of natural resources. Management of such basins is key to maintaining balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff, Veteran NGO, initiated this through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training Institute (VRTI) in Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an arid area in State of Gujarat, India.

26. Tackling the Climate Change – water Cycle • Environmental Issues • Increasing Temperature • Change in Rainfall Pattern • Change in Season Cycle Climate Change Major culprit: CO2 • Emerging Approach • Low external input system • Land management • (Agriculture, grassland & forest) • Promoting Photosynthesis • Issues to tackle • Food & Water Insecurity • Deteriorating Soil Health • Depleting Water Resources Promoting Photosynthesis to consume CO2 Food & Water Security through better Natural Resources Management Integrated River Basin Management

27. Integrated River Basin Management Means……. The Integrated River Basin Management can be defined as a “process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources across sectors within a given river basin.” An integrated approach, using the whole River Basin as a basis for holistic and sustainable planning, can provide a good solution to ensure Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability and ensure Food and Water Security.

28. Our Test Ground – Rukmavati River Basin of Kutch - An Semi Arid RegionUnder Implementation

29. Rukmavati Basin

30. Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices

31. Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices

32. Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in terms of climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices

33. Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in terms of climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices

34. ACTION AREASCONTIGENCY PLAN CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS Contingency Plan is developed based on past experiences and local vulnerability. It includes agro advisory to farmers based on natural weather event, alternative crops and water management practices, selection of alternative crops, reseeding and early or delayed harvest.

35. Impact of disaster and Action Needed

36. Impact of disaster and Action Needed

37. Multiple Source of Income Multiple Source of Income • Objective - make farmers and their income resilient to climate change. If one fails other sustains. This initiative has to be guided by local public governance system and civil society. Poultry / Cattle with Crop • Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is resource for other. Milch cattle cows – weekly cash flow to family when incomes from crops are at the end of season. Animals like cows provide gobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crop residue is feed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Further livestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash and in case even if one fails, other supports thus offer a way to escape poverty and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variable environment.

38. Multiple Source of Income Rice – Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balanced diet. Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system. • It prevents soil erosion • Facilitates water infiltration • Diminishes impact of extreme weather • Trees also provide fodder to livestock – improves soil fertility due to enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks • More of all, sale provides alternative income. • This already exists, but needs to be expanded. Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternative source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both livestock and crops provides low or no income.

39. CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCHMultiple Source of income

40. CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCHMultiple Source of Income

41. Soil Health Card Soil Health Card is a key to climate resilient crops. Since it is a written guidance given to the farmers, they invariably follow and as a result benefit. It is a comprehensive new extension approach to provide individual farmer a written guidance for his individual piece of land in contrast to current system which provides contacted farmers oral guidance. Due to changing weather parameters, soil content get affected and hence, this is required to be done every year. With modern Information and Communications Technology (ICT) network - this is feasible.

42. Soil Health Card

43. WEATHER FORECASTING It is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already brought huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture Sector, Crops – Horticulture, Livestock and Poultry – Birds and Fisheries. But this can be mitigated by (a) advance information and warnings by meteorological departments though FM Radio & TV (b) Agro-Advisory on information regarding impending weather forecast and unusual pattern provided by KrishiVigyanKendras (KVKs) interlinked with India Meteorological Department (IMD) on internet. In the Farmers Interaction Meet with Experts during National Conference organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural University (AAU) – March, 2013, it was revealed that only 10% of farmers have access to weather forecasting.

44. WEATHER FORECASTING

45. CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod – Dahod District – Gujarat – India After Before

48. GUJARAT – INDIA - EXPERIENCE NEW EXTENSION APPROACH

49. GUJARAT – INDIA - EXPERIENCE NEW EXTENSION APPROACH REACH OUT TO FARMERS AT DOORSTEP : ‘KRISHI MAHOTSAV APPROACH’ – THE GUJART EXPERIENCE OF SUSTAINABLE CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT • Gujarat is a state situated on the western coast of India. Diverse in its topography, it has 1600 km coast line and is home to the largest desert in the country known as Rann of Kutch. • The state has all possible handicaps faced by agriculture such as 70% of agriculture being rain-fed, recurrent droughts, untimely/irregular rainfall and some areas receiving rain only three to four days in a year. • Gujarat’s agriculture suffered heavily whenever there were droughts. The growth rate of agriculture used to be negative during such years. In a normal year, the agricultural growth rate used to be 2 to 3%. • Agriculture was not sustainable in many parts of the state due to recurrent crop failures. However, this is a story of the last millennium.

50. NEW EXTENSION APPROACH • In the new millennium, Gujarat, with determination and persistent efforts, changed the agriculture scenario. From 2004 onwards, agriculture witnessed a major turnaround with a growth of 11% per year. The state became a front-runner in agricultural production in the country. This turnaround became possible under an initiative in all 18,000 villages in the state, known as “Krishi Mahotsav”. • This was led from top by Chief Minister himself - for action at bottom - the village level and at individual farmer level with focus on selection of crops which soil can sustain and free input assistance to poor farmers. He started first with direct dialogue with farmers and field functionaries followed by interaction with experts and departmental secretaries. • Entire model was developed based on the needs of farmers and to provide knowledge and technology to them at their door steps. It is top to bottom approach. • The editor of book was responsible for developing policy and the detailed implementation framework and to develop module to monitor its implementation on a day to day basis for a period of one month prior to monsoon – when actual field level action is taking place.