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E10 Water- Energy Nexus

E10 Water- Energy Nexus. NSF Sustainability Group. Current Issues. Current Issues and Problems . Rapidly growing population in developing countries; Uncertain impacts of global climate change ; thinning of ozone layer;

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E10 Water- Energy Nexus

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  1. E10 Water- Energy Nexus NSF Sustainability Group

  2. Current Issues

  3. Current Issues and Problems • Rapidly growing population in developing countries; • Uncertain impacts of global climate change; • thinning of ozone layer; • Increased hydrologic, environmental, and economic constraints, on developing additional water supplies, demand management has become a major focus in the US.

  4. Issues (cont’d) • However, more than a billion people in the developing world lack safe drinking water • About half of the six billion people in the world live without access to adequate sanitation systems • In the developing world, an estimated 14,000-30,000 people (mostly young children and the elderly) die every day from disease caused by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated foods (Gleick, 2000)

  5. Water Resources Sustainability (Mays) • Water Resources sustainability is the ability to use water in sufficient quantities and quality from the local to the global scale to meet the needs of humans and ecosystems for the present and the future to sustain life, and to protect humans from the damages brought about by natural and human-caused disasters that affect sustaining life.

  6. Changes caused by Urbanization • Transformation of undeveloped land into urban land (including transportation corridors) • Increased energy release (i.e. greenhouse gases, waste heat, heated surface runoff); and • Increased demand on water supply (municipal and industrial)

  7. fig_02_001

  8. Consumption of Water – Virtual Water and Water Footprints • Water footprint • Water required to sustain a population • Virtual Water: the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service

  9. table_02_03

  10. fig_02_009 Contribution of different crops to the global footprint (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

  11. fig_02_010 Contribution of major consumers to the global water footprint (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

  12. fig_02_011 Water footprint of the US, 1997-2001, (from Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

  13. Climate change affects the basin (Colorado river basin) • Future projections indicate a strong likelihood of a warmer future climate across the Colorado River Basin. • More winter precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow • Shorter seasons of snow accumulation at a given elevation; • Less snowpack accumulation as compared to the present

  14. 13.1 Role of Hydropower • Water and energy are two resources that are very necessary for humankind and are intricately connected. • Hydroelectric power production is the most obvious use of water for the production of energy. The energy in falling water is used directly to turn turbines that generate electricity.

  15. A load duration curve expresses the load as a function of the percent time and is commonly used to describe system operation. Duration curve showing operation of system with hydro plant (a) in peaking mode; (b) in base load (from US Army Corps of Engineers)

  16. 13.2 Components of Hydroelectric Plants Dam has two major functions of • creating the head necessary to move the turbines and • impounding the storage used to maintain the necessary flow release pattern.  Operation Rule

  17. Electric Generator • In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor; motors and generators have many similarities. • A generator forces electrons to flow through the external electrical circuit. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside. • The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy (all info from Wikipedia).

  18. Energy relations in a typical hydroelectric plant Two types of turbines Impulse turbines (or Pelton Wheel), a free jet of water impinges on a revolving element of the machine that is exposed to the atmosphere Reaction turbines, the flow takes place under pressure in a closed chamber

  19. Impulse Turbine installation

  20. Reaction-turbine installation

  21. Pipes in parallel produce good results (higher power)

  22. Phase II of the experiment (student thought – out activities) • Setting up the experiment between 2’ is what we will have the students do (given condition). • Objective – Max { Power Output} • Constraints – water volume (drought issues) • Students can collaborate among each team to use turbines in series & pipes in parallel

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