The Origin of Humans

1. The Origin of Humans Original PP from -Ms. Susan M. PojerAdaptations by Kimberly Chaffee

2. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 BCE Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth 1. What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet? 2. What are the theories that interpret this evidence? 3. Where did humans first appear on Earth, and what were their society, technology, and culture? 4. Describe earliest humans’ technology & tools.5. What were the earliest humans’ religious beliefs and practices? 6. How did the earliest humans’ society help them procure enough supplies to survive?

3. The First Humans Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

4. Early Discoveries

5. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Paleolithic Age:( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

6. The Paleolithic Age • “Paleolithic”--> “Old Stone” Age • 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE • Made tools • hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans • NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

7. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE • Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. • Australopithecines • An Apposable Thumb

8. HOMO HABILIS( “Man of Skills” ) • found in East Africa. • created stone tools.

9. The Paleolithic Age • Humans during this period found shelter in caves. • Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??

10. Introduction to DBQ Step 1- Analyze the Documents Step 2 Create Categories Last 18 years of History Category What dominates world media in the last 18 years>

11. Stage 2 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE • HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) • BIPEDALISM • Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology • First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. • First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

12. Differing Human Migration Theories Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

13. Stage 3 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

14. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: • Neander Valley, Germany (1856) • First humans to bury their dead. • Made clothes from animal skins. • Lived in caves and tents.

15. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent Larger Brain- limited speech due to bone structure

16. Stage 3 Cro-Magnons are faster- most of the larger game has died out- they must survive on smaller animals CRO-MAGNONs: • Homo sapiens sapiens( “Wise, wise human” ) • By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

17. Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

18. The Last Ice Age 70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

19. 3000 BCE 2000 BCE 500 BCE 1500 BCE 500 CE 1400 BCE 600 CE 1200 CE Map 1.2 Migration of Austronesian-Speaking People People speaking Austronesian languages completed the human settlement of the earth quite recently as they settled the islands of the vast Pacific and penetrated the Indian Ocean to Madagascar, off the coast of southeast Africa

20. Map 1.1 The Global Dispersion of Humankind With origins in Africa perhaps 250,000 years ago, members of our species (Homo sapiens) have migrated to every environmental niche on the planet over the past 100,000 years Land Bridge- caused by ocean water trapped by ice age Land Bridge-

21. The Neolithic Age • “Neolithic”“New Stone” Age • 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE • Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. Not all people became farmers Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

22. The Agricultural Revolution • 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE • Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. • SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Where did Farming occur? Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

23. The Agricultural Revolution Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

24. What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution? • How did pastoral societies resemble or differ from early agricultural societies? • Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution? • How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically & socially? • Why did the Neolithic Revolution start (at all)? • Where did the Neolithic Revolution first transform human populations? (Plural answer) • Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution? • What various crops & animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution? • What labor adjustments did humans make in order to facilitate the Neolithic Revolution? • What were the environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution? • What effects did pastoralism & agriculture have on the food supply? • What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by increase of agriculture? • What technological innovations are associated with the growth of agriculture?

25. Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies In response to warming climates at the end of the last Ice Age from about 10,000 years ago, some groups adapted to the environment in new ways while others remained hunter/foragers. Settled agriculture appeared in several different parts of the world. The switch to agriculture created a more reliable, but not necessarily more diversified, food supply. Agriculturalists also had a massive impact on the environment, through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of irrigation systems and through the use of domesticated animals for food and for labor. Populations increased; family groups gave way to village and later urban life with all its complexity. Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. Pastoralism emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia. Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than were hunter-foragers. Because pastoralists were mobile, they rarely accumulated large amounts of material possessions, which would have been a hindrance when changing grazing areas. Pastoralists’ mobility allowed them to become an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations. I. Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. A. Possibly as a response to climatic change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River valley and sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River valley, the Yellow River or Huang He valley, Papua-New Guinea, Mesoamerica and the Andes. B. Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia. C. Different crops or animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending on available local flora and fauna. D. Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and to create the water control systems needed for crop production. E. These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when over-grazed. II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. A. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies which increased population. B. Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites. C. Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation, including pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheels and wheeled vehicles. D. In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization.

26. The Agricultural Revolution End of the Ice Age- warmer/wetter climate- new wild grasses sickle Why Develop Agriculture? New technology and tools aided the ability to control nature Extinction of large animals force the need for new food sources ? ?

28. Farming was more reliable, but less diverse! Spread of Agriculture

29. Farming started in the Fertile crescent triggered by a cold and dry spell (threatened wild plants) • Large variety of domesticated animals and plants • Africa- domestication of animals occurred first then farming- (Cattle and donkeys) • Farming was more scattered in Africa and less productive than the Fertile Crescent

30. Cahokia Lonely Llama- the only domesticated animal North South orientation = less interaction= slower spread of agriculture Maize took hundred of years to cultivate What made N. and S. America different?

31. How did Agriculture spread?Diffusion and Migrations(Growing population also spread language and ideas

33. 6500 and 5000 B.C.E. several key breakthroughs took place, with rice, millet, and soybeans grown and pigs, chickens, and water buffalo being domesticated. Spread of Austronesian languages

34. The Agricultural Revolution Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

35. Early Settled Communities • Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. • More permanent, settled communities emerged. • 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement atJARMO( northern Iraq ) wheat

36. Early Settled Communities • 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement atÇatal Hüyük( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants • 12 cultivated crops • Division of labor • Engaged in trade • Organized religion An obsidian dagger • Small military

37. Early Settled Communities Çatal Hüyük Click for Web site

38. wheat, corn, rice, barley, and sorghum—supply more than half of the calories that sustain human life

39. Three different societies Pastoral (headers)- Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara, and in parts of eastern and southern Africa -Horses of Central Asia-----MONGOLS Military clans and tribal alliances - key to trade and spread of ideas Early Agricultural Villages-similar freedom and equality as hunters and gathers- extended family ties chiefdoms- leaders chosen by lineage- ruled using gifts and strategy – Cahokia is an example

40. Why is the "Neolithic Revolution" a turning point in human history??

41. Consequences • Domestication of animals??? (is this a consequence?) • Dependence on farming for survival • Disease spread from close living and animals • Slavery • Environmental damage

43. Change and Continuity

44. What is the next step in the development of human settlements??

45. CITIES ! CIVILIZATIONS !!

46. What are the characteristics of a civilization??

47. Advanced Cities Advanced Technology CIVILIZATION Specialized Workers Record- Keeping Complex Institutions