America's Evolution to Republic: Articles, Constitutions, and Governance

1. Objectives • Explain how the states’ new constitutions reflected republican ideals. • Describe the structure and powers of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. • Summarize the Congress’s plan for the settlement and governance of western lands. • List the main weaknesses of the Articles.

2. Terms and People • republic– a government in which the people elect their representatives • unicameral legislature– a lawmaking body with a single house whose representatives are elected by the people • bicameral legislature– a lawmaking body with two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives • Articles of Confederation– the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress

3. Terms and People(continued) • John Dickinson– a member of the Continental Congress and leader of the committee that wrote The Articles of Confederation • federal– national • Northwest Territory– vast territory north of Ohio and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River, which was key to expanding the republic • Land Ordinance of 1785– plan to dispense and distribute public land in the Northwest Territory

4. Terms and People(continued) • Northwest Ordinance of 1787– plan for governing and creating new states carved out of the Northwest Territory • Shays’ Rebellion– an uprising of armed farmers marching on a federal arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts, in protest against higher taxes

5. What form of national government did the Patriots create initially, and what events revealed that a new government was necessary? After the Revolutionary War, the Patriots feared entrusting the Congress with too much power. Most authority remained with the states. But strong state governments and a weak national government led to problems.

6. Congress encouraged the former colonies to create state constitutions. • Although state constitutions varied, each provided for a republic where people voted for their representatives. • Patriots disagreed over the design of these republics, especially over how much power to give the common people.

7. weak state governments with most of their power in a popularly elected legislature. • unicameral or one house legislature with either a weak governor or none at all. • a large House of Representatives with small districts so that the people had more control. Democratic Patriots like Thomas Paine wanted more power for common people. They favored:

8. a governor with broad powers. • bicameral legislature, with two houses. • an upper house or senate made up of wealthy, well-educated gentlemen who would balance a lower house elected by the common people. Conservative Patriots like John Adams feared giving power to the common people. They favored:

9. There was also debate over who should vote. • Democratic states like Pennsylvania allowed all male taxpayers over age 21 to vote. • Conservative states preserved colonial requirements of property ownership for voting. • None gave the vote to women or to slaves. • In time, most grew more democraticwith the lower house gaining more power.

10. Most new state constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion. Previously, colonies collected taxes for religious institutions. Now, religious freedom and pluralism becamethe norm. The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom setthe example. It allowed for religious liberty free of state influence.

11. This first national constitution created a loose confederation or league of states in 1777. • Congress drafted the Articles under John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. • Congress’s power was limited to prevent the problems experienced under Britain. The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress.

12. With the Articles, government power was limited. • Congress implemented and enforced laws. • Executive power was shared by committees. • Each state had one vote in Congress. • Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required 9 states. • Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states.

13. Congress had a limited role. There was also no federal court system.

14. The Articles created a method to settle and govern the Northwest Territory.

15. Surveyors divided the territory into a N-S and E-W grid to establish hundreds of townships. • Each township was subdivided into one square mile (640 acre) squares to sell at $1 each. • Many farmers couldn’t afford the $1 an acre, and some land speculators got special deals. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method to distribute public land.

16. The Land Ordinance of 1785 grid system is still evident today.

17. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system to govern territories and create states. It abandoned the British model of keeping colonies permanently subordinate.

18. barred slavery. • required a republican constitution. • promised settlers basic freedoms. • ignored the rights of Native Americans. • resulted in five new states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. The Northwest Ordinance:

19. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. • Spain threatened to forbid the shipment of goods through New Orleans. • Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. • Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory. European nations did not take the new nation seriously. Spain forbade American trade with New Orleans. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory.

20. The nation’s debtwas mounting. • The economic depression was deepening as debts, bankruptcies, and foreclosures grew. • Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated the Federal government’s weakness. • Foreign nations did not respect the United States. Growing problems led to calls for a revision of the Articles of Confederation.