French Revolution

French Revolution

Old Order – Ancién Regime • King and Queen at the top! • King: Louis XVI • Queen: Marie Antoinette

Old Order – Ancien Regime TITLE ROLES • 1ST: CLERGY (1%) • 2ND: NOBILITY (<2%) • 3RD: BOURGEOISIE (97%) SANS CULOTTES PEASANTS • No taxes • 10% • Minister to Common People • Controlled much of the wealth • Few taxes • Government and military jobs • Large estates • Rich, NOrole in government • Workers • Paid rent & fees, 1/10 of income to church Third Estate Carrying the 1st & 2nd on its back

France in Debt • Borrowed HUGE amounts of money to spend on wars (including the American Revolution) • King & Queen spent lavishly(more than borrowed) • King tried to tax 2nd estate • 2nd estate refused, King backed down • Nature • Hailstorm & drought ruined harvests • Winter 1788 worst in 80 years • No food!

First Events of the Revolution • In 1789, no estate was HAPPY • 1st & 2ndestate resented losing power to monarchy • Wealthy Bourgeoisie resented government regulations that restricted business growth • 3rd estate resented hunger & taxes • Meeting of the Estates-General: an ASSEMBLY of the three estates that the NOBLES pressed Louis to call • To approve new taxes on 3rd estate

Representatives wrote “cahiers” to record grievances • Got all riled up • Each estate gets ONE VOTE and usually the 1st and 2nd estate would vote together • Louis wanted to continue the Old Way but the 3rd estate was inspired by the ENLIGHTENMENT and refused • 3rd estate declared themselves a LEGISLATURE with the right to MAKE LAWS : National Assembly

Louis ordered troops to Paris and Versailles fearing an overthrow. National Assembly saw this, they feared violence • July 14, 1789: a MOB of Parisians went to the BASTILLE, killed the commander, piked his head • “THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE” became a symbol for the French Revolution • After the fall of the Bastille, people were afraid the king would retaliate: “GREAT FEAR” • For revenge, the peasants destroyed RECORDS LISTING FEUDAL DUES and burned nobles’ HOUSES

Creating New Rights • National Assembly eliminated ALL FEUDAL DUES • “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” • Liberty • Equality All men are born equal and remain • Fraternity equal under the law • Louis calls troops to Versailles • Mob of 7,000 angry women storm Versailles • Louis agrees to return to Paris • National Assembly sells off church lands to pay off debts

New Government • Citizens (taxpaying men) get new rights • Keep monarchy, but weaken it • King and Queen try to flee, caught • Austria & Prussia threaten war if monarchs harmed • 50,000 troops moved to border • Legislative Assembly declares war • Lose • Blame king • King and Queen taken to prison • Legislative Assembly  National Convention • Radicals in charge • Abolish Monarchy  REPUBLIC!

1792: Radicals in Control!

Government Leaders: • Jean-Paul Marat: advocates violence, Sans Culottes • Georges Jacques Danton: compromiser, opposed excesses • Maxmilien Robespierre: dedicated, led bloodiest time

Executing the King • After the National Convention, the king was placed on trial • The Girondinshad hoped to avoid a trial, but they were the minority • The Montagnards were eager to try and execute the king in order to prevent a return of the monarchy • Louis was quickly condemned and scheduled to die the next day • Louis XVI was killed with the guillotine

After the King’s execution… • National Convention began to tighten its control • Set up the committee of public safety to manage country's military defense • Made a draft of all unmarried men 18-45 • Revolutionary Tribunal was made to root out and eliminate anyone who posed a threat to the Revolution

The Revolution also transformed French Society: • Roman Catholic Church abolished  “Cult of Supreme Being” (Bibles replaced by Declaration of the Rights of Man) • Metric System • Calendar 10, 3 week months • Got rid of King, Queen, etc on playing cards

Reign of Terror: series of accusations, trials & executions • Caused by revolutionary leaders fearing a counter revolution • Once peasants got rid of feudal dues, they went back to their conservative ways • But when they heard about the draft a western village, vendee resisted so strongly it led to a civil war • The counterrevolutionary force was called the catholic & royal army • The government took control back, and destroyed everything and everyone it could

Revolutionary Tribunal • There are secret Monarchists amongst us – and they’re trying to kill you! • Sit in a circle • Each Frenchmen gets a card • 2 will be monarchs (kings or queens) • The rest of you are Peasants (1-10) • Each “night” the monarchs will silently agree whom to kill by pointing • Each “day” I’ll inform you who was killed, and the rest of the group must decide whom to “guillotine” • As long as the monarchs live, the game continues • Can you find the monarchs before they kill you ALL?

Accusations and Trials • Motagnards set up the Revolutionary Tribunal to get rid of dissenters • Robespierre said they needed to use terror to defend the republic from its enemies • The tribunal began with the girondistsbecause they once wanted a constitutional monarchy • Soon anyone that criticized the revolution or supported the old order were in danger or trial and death Execution of Robespierre

The Terror’s Victims • Didn’t spare any class, occupation, or gender • More nobles were killed • Nuns who refused to close convents • Reign of Terror • 10 months • 300,000 arrested • 17,000 executed

After the Terror – THE DIRECTORY • France had to start over with a new Government • 1795: National Convention wrote ANOTHER constitution • Restricted voting rights given in last constitution • Voters elected a governing board: “Directory” • Five men called directors • Passed financial reforms • Helped farmers & improved trade

The Directory…Not so good • Ineffective • Weak & corrupt • Shared many characteristics with the Old Order • High prices, bankruptcy, citizen unrest • Created a POWER VACUUM!

Governments of Revolutionary France • National Assembly -1789 • Ended feudalism • Approved Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen • Legislative Assembly -1791 • Declared war on Austria • National Convention -1792 • Ended monarchy, proclaimed France a republic • Executed Louis XVI • Reign of Terror • Directory -1795 • Run by 5 “Directors” • Weak, ineffective

French Revolution Review • 1. Why were the French people upset? • Create a Graphic Organizer that shows the Social Hierarchy in France before the Revolution • Create a Political Cartoon showing why the People were upset at the monarchy • 2. Describe the opening events of the French Revolution • In one paragraph, describe the Storming of the Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and the formation of the Legislative Assembly • 3. Create a Graphic Organizer that shows the makeup of the Radical Government and its three leaders • 4. Describe Four changes to society under the New Government • 5. Create a Mini- Propaganda Poster for the Reign of Terror • 6. Collins Type III: Three Paragraphs, explain the events of the French Revolution

French Revolution Quiz • Know the details of the Ancién Regime (Old Order) • 1st, 2nd, 3rd Estate • Estates General & Storming of the Bastille • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Radical Government • Reign of Terror • Directory

Napoleon • A brilliant leader • 1793: Forced British troops out of the port of Toulon • 1795: Napoleon fought a mob of royalists trying to regain power • Shot artillery into crowd, forcing them to flee • As a reward put in charge of French Interior

Napoleon • 1796: Napoleon was placed in command of troops invading Italy • His victories here kept France’s borders secure but also won territory for France • 1798: Napoleon took large fleet to Mediterranean Sea to disrupt trade between England & India

British Admiral Horatio Nelson • Trapped French Ships • Most of French fleet destroyed • Napoleon spun it to make it look like hero • Meanwhile, the Directory had grown weak • Some wanted a monarchy since they feared growing European powers

Napoleon • 1799: a group of armed supporters surrounded the Directory and forced the members to turn over power to Napoleon: • Coup d'état: forced transfer of power

Napoleon • Group of three consuls called • CONSULATE • Replaced the directory and voted Napoleon in charge of Consul • Napoleon was Dictator • People were tired of constant warfare and chaos • People willing to give up some freedom

Napoleon moved quickly to strengthen his power • Issued a Plebiscite: • Asked voters: Do you want to be an empire? • Voters said yes! • Pope Pius came to crown Napoleon • Napoleon took the crown and crowned himself • Wanted to expand his empire to the Americas • Civil war in Haiti erupted and Napoleon sent an expedition which failed • Napoleon sold Louisiana to the US

Napoleonic Wars • Extension of French Revolution Wars • France became dominant power in Europe • France grew rapidly • Lasted more than a decade (to 1815) • War with England • Britain formed a series of coalitions against France • Napoleon knew that he must defeat England • 1805: Admiral Nelson and his fleet defeated the French off the coast of Spain

Continental System • Napoleon sought to disrupt trade between England and the world • France planned a blockade • Prohibited French or allied ships to trade with England • Drew Britain and France into other conflicts

Peninsular War • Portugal was neutral, wouldn’t comply with continental system • Napoleon sent in troops to Portugal, then Spain • Napoleon quickly won and put his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain • England sent troops to support Spanish revolt against France • Napoleon brought troops in from Central Europe, won several battles • Guerilla fighters eventually forced France out of Spain

Pretend you are a French Journalist… • Write an opinion article regarding Napoleon’s recent conquests and Wars • Why was he fighting? • Were they successful? • What’s your opinion on the campaigns? • What do you think about his method to maintain control of his new lands? (Look at page 612) • Make sure to give your article a title, and a date

How did Napoleon keep power in his vast territories? • Brother Joseph-Napoleon King of Spain • Brother Louis-Napoleon King of Holland • Brother Jerome-Napoleon King of Westphalia • Stepson Eugene-Napoleon ruled Italy • Sister Elisa-Napoleon grand Duchess of Tuscany • Brother in Law Joachim-Napoleon ruled Naples

By 1812 Napoleon controlled much of Europe • Read 612-613 and answer questions • Collins II: • What did Napoleon do that was good, bad?

Reforms • CONCORDAT: agreement acknowledging that most French were Roman Catholics • Did not require that they be Catholic • Religious toleration still law • Recognized influence of RCC in France but said they had not control over nation affairs • Established Bank of France to regulate economy • More efficient tax collection • No more financial ruin

Reforms • NAPOLEONIC CODE • Made laws uniform across nation • Eliminated injustices • Promoted order and authority over individual rights • Press restricted by censors • Only applied to male citizens • Denied rights of women • Allowed men to authority over wives • Strong leaders in government and military positions • High schools, universities, technical schools to prepare young men for high positions

Legacy • Ensured some of the revolution lasted • Equality before the law • Representative system of government • NATIONALISM: sense of identity as a people, unity as people, love of country

Napoleon’s Downfall • Napoleon stationed troops near the border of Russia • Czar Alexander I feared the Continental System and began to gather troops • To teach the Czar a lesson, Napoleon moved east into Russia

Summer • By June, Napoleon & 600,000 men marched across the border • Many new recruits were from conquered territories, no loyalty • Supplies spoiled in the summer heat • The army suffered from disease, desertion and hunger, which thinned the ranks

Advance • As Napoleon and the troops moved inward, Russians withdrew • Peasants set fire to their fields • August: France finally gets a battle: French won with high casualties • Russian Army lost 90,000, retreated

Moscow • French reached Moscow by September, but the city was deserted • The city was also on fire • Napoleon had no choice but to turn back

Winter • Harsh winter was the worst enemy • Napoleon rushed back to Europe by sleigh • Only 94,000/600,000 returned

Defeat • The disaster gave Napoleon’s enemies new hope • Napoleon raised another army but they were inexperienced • October 1813, the allies met Napoleon at Leipzig, Germany, clear defeat for Napoleon • March 1814, the allies entered Paris • As terms of his surrender, Napoleon had to give up his throne, but kept his title –exiled to Elba

The Comeback Kid • When Napoleon was exiled, France restored the monarchy • Louis XVIII (brother of executed king Louis XVI) • Grew very unpopular – people feared Ancién Regime • After a year of exile on Elba Napoleon hired a ship to take him and his many supporters to France • He headed to Paris • Rumors of Napoleon’s return spread • Troops sent to arrest him pledged their loyalty instead

Hundred Days  Defeat at Waterloo • Napoleon arrived in Paris a hero • HUNDRED DAYS: brief period of renewed glory • Napoleon’s enemies gathered for another showdown at Waterloo, Belgium • British Troops led by the Duke of Wellington • Belgian, Dutch, and German troops joined Britain • Prussia joined the fight towards the end of the day • Napoleon couldn’t beat both armies • 50,000 died – Napoleon LOST the Battle of Waterloo

Final Exile • Napoleon fled and tried to escape to America • Caught and sent farther than Elba: Saint Helena • Volcanic island in the South Atlantic • 1,200 miles from mainland • Died just six years later at the age of 51

Congress of Vienna • Those who helped France lost territory • Those who fought France gained territories • France paid an INDEMNITY: payment to compensate for losses • Restored monarchies • CONGRESS OF VIENNA: restore stability to Europe • Changed national borders to strengthen nations near France • Dutch and Austria were united: Kingdom of Netherlands • Austria joined with 38 German states to make German Confederation • Great Britain received overseas territories

French Revolution