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Fundementals of Information Technology (Intro)

Fundementals of Information Technology (Intro). What is Information???. Opinion Science Knowledge. Going to the cinema;. Hours Tranportation Costs Films Possible Seats????. How can we learn them?. Newspapers Magazines Asking to someone else Internet Phone …..etc.

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Fundementals of Information Technology (Intro)

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  1. Fundementals of Information Technology(Intro)

  2. What is Information??? • Opinion • Science • Knowledge

  3. Going to the cinema; • Hours • Tranportation • Costs • Films • Possible Seats????

  4. How can we learn them? • Newspapers • Magazines • Asking to someone else • Internet • Phone …..etc.

  5. Information technology is... • IT refers to the role of technology in gathering and using information • Information is an increasingly important resource for businesses and individuals • Computer and communications technologies are more powerful, flexible and cheaper than ever before

  6. How can we learn them? • Newspapers • Magazines • Think that we don’t know how to read-write? • Internet • Think that we don’t know how to use computers? • Asking to someone else • Phone …..etc. • Think that we don’t know the speaken language?

  7. IT is; • All the technologies that we talked about and all the knowledge to use them. • The main purpose is to know much to make better decisions.

  8. Information systems - examples • The spreadsheet I use to record BİL158 marks • An expert system used to diagnose car faults • An executive information system that summarises the state of the business and compares with competitors • A supermarket’s stock control system

  9. Information systems • System (usually computerised) that helps an organisation carry out its tasks and achieve its goals • An Information System is a set of interrated parts that work together to produce, distribute, and use information products. • Components: • hardware • software • data / information • people • procedures

  10. What computers do • A computer has just four basic operations: • receive data as input from the outside world • process this data • output useful information to the outside world • store data and information for further use • It processes raw data to make useful information. But it can perform these operations very fast, accurately and reliably, and can store huge amounts of information

  11. Hardware • Hardware consists of: • input devices • output devices • processing (the CPU and main memory) • storage • communications hardware

  12. Software • Software (programs) is what makes the computer a general purpose tool - changing the software changes the function • Applications software - useful to the user eg. Word XP, games, a payroll system • Systems software - needed to ‘run’ the computer eg. Windows XP, Macintosh OS, anti-virus programs

  13. People - the most important part of an information system • Customers - ultimate users of the information system • Workers and managers - use the information system to carry out their tasks • Systems personnel - ensure the system runs effectively on a day-to-day basis • Systems analysts/programmers - design and develop the information system • End user developers

  14. Evolution of computers and communication technology • Institutional computing era (1950- ) • large expensive systems for basic organisational tasks • Personal computing era (1975- ) • small, cheap desktop computers for personal use • Today - interpersonal computing (1995- ) • networks of interconnected computers, the Internet and World Wide Web

  15. Categories of computers • Mainframes and supercomputers • large organisations: banks, airlines etc • powerful ‘number crunching’ for research • many users, connected via terminals enabling ‘timesharing’ • servers provide software and other resources to networked computers • Hence ‘enterprise’ server

  16. Categories of computers • Personal computers and workstations • single user, for personal productivity • often networked • Workstations may be used as mid-range servers

  17. Categories of computers • Portable computers • laptops, notebooks, personal digital assistants (PDAs) in the form of palmtop and handheld computers • Embedded computers • cars, microwave ovens, etc; sensors and control systems • are single-purpose, not general purpose

  18. Trends - hardware • Faster, smaller, more powerful processors • More direct, easier to use input and output devices • Larger storage capacity • Faster, wider bandwidth communications media to transmit more information • Linking computers together in networks - local area networks, wide area networks, the Internet

  19. Trends - software • Easy to use software, integration of different tools • Multimedia is widespread • System development is moving from the hands of the professionals to the end user • Use of artificial intelligence

  20. Trends - social • the threat to personal privacy • the hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping data secure • the difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property • the risks of failure of computer systems • the dangers of dependence on complex technology

  21. Computer HardwareParts of a computer system

  22. COMPUTER FACTS • A computer is an electronic device which works within a binary digital system and has 4 functions: • Accept input (data – isolated facts) • Process input (data) • Produce output (information – processed data) • Storage

  23. printer Hard Drive BUS Tower CPU RAM Floppy CD Drive Drive Ports Peripheral devices keyboard mouse Monitor

  24. We call this box by several names: Computer Tower Desktop This box contains: CPU Drives System board Slots Interface cards Power Supply Ribbons, connections, etc. System unit (box)

  25. Computer (System Unit) Switch Reset Button

  26. The Back of a Computer • This is where devices are “plugged” into the computer: • mouse • keyboard • printer • internet connection • monitor • etc.

  27. Front Panel • The front has been removed to show: • switches • floppy • CD drive

  28. Power Supply • The power supply reduces house current to smaller voltages (5 and 12 V.) • Notice the many wires protruding from the back of the power supply • These wires provide current for the various parts of the computer

  29. Inside the Computer

  30. System Board • Also called the mainboard • Has slots for cards, rams and cpu. • Devices are connected to mainboard • With the ways on it transfer data from one place to another.

  31. CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Controls the system • Performs mathematical operations • Logic is performed here • Has a cooling fan attached cause temperature is important

  32. Memory... • ROM (Read Only Memory) • PROM • EPROM • EEPROM • RAM(Random Access Memory) • DRAM • SRAM

  33. ROM(Read Only Memory) • Programs written once and can be read many(Power source is NOT important) • Holds BIOS programme • PROM (Programmable chip with a programming device) • EPROM(Can be programmed with light) • EEPROM(Programmed by power source)

  34. RAM Storage Units Random Access Memory

  35. KILOBYTE MEGABYTE GIGABYTE TERABYTE BYTE = smallest unit of storage binary digit; 1 or a 0 BIT = 8 bits = 1,000 bytes = 1,000,000 bytes = 1,000,000,000 bytes = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

  36. RAM FACTS • Holds data and instructions waiting for processing by the CPU • Temporary storage • Contents are deleted when power source removed.

  37. DRAM • Is used memory in the computers • EDODRAM • SDRAM • DDRRAM are the kinds...

  38. SRAM • Main difference from DRAM is no need to update the data • Included in CPU nowadays • Costs more than DRAM • So it is used for cache

  39. CACHE • Cache is fast accessing intermediate memory that holds the most needed data and instructions. • It is smaller than RAM. • Because it is smaller than RAM a search of cache is faster memory access. • Therefore it is always searched first when available.

  40. How does the data flow? CPU CACHE RAM HDD

  41. Chips and Interface Cards

  42. All secondary storage has 2 parts: A disk – a platter which stores the data/inforamtion A drive – mechanism which reads the disk NOTE: a read/write head is part of the drive which sits over the disk and read the data

  43. Hard Drive

  44. All Disks have two parts: SECTORS TRACKS

  45. All Disks have two parts: This makes an Addressable Space. Therefore, Disks are Randomly Accessible.

  46. Hard Drives • Composed of several disks. • Very large, permanent storage. • Not portable storage. • Disks are magnetic.

  47. Floppy Drive (3 1/2”)

  48. Floppy Drives • Composed of one disk. • Small storage.(Max. 1,44 MB) • Portable storage. • Disks are magnetic.

  49. CD Drive

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