The 1850s:

1. The 1850s: Road to Secession Based on an original PowerPoint by Ms. Susan M. Pojerwith additional slides by Bob Daugherty

2. Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 • California statehood. • What to do with territory gained through the Mexican War • Southern “fire-eaters” threateningsecession. • Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: • Personal liberty laws

3. Compromise of 1850 • Worked out by “Immortal Trio” of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster • California would come in as a free state • Territories of Utah and New Mexico would choose slave status (Pop. Sovereignty): • Texas would give up its disputed territory in return for $10 Million dollars to pay debts • Slave auctions prohibited in Washington, D.C. but slavery allowed • Stronger Fugitive Slave Law (backfired for South)

4. Getting the Compromise Passed! Senator Stephen Douglas nursed bill through Congress Pres. Taylor (though a slave owner) opposed spread of slavery and was likely to veto bill It would only be passed over his… DEAD BODY! And then…. Taylor died suddenly! Coincidence or Conspiracy?

5. Questions about the 1850 Compromise to consider • Why can it be said that the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North? • Who benefited most from the Compromise?

6. Compromise of 1850

7. HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896) “So this is the lady who started this great war.” -- Abraham Lincoln

8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 • Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year. • 2 million in a decade!

9. Stereotypes Created by Uncle Tom’s Cabin But the book does turn me “fence-sitters” against slavery and helped keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy during the Civil War The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky." Uncle Tom and Simon Legree

10. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

11. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] • Nativists (America for Americans) • Anti-Catholic • Anti-immigrant • Anti-Irish 1849  Secret Order of the Star- Spangled Banner created in NYC.

12. 1852 Presidential Election END OF WHIG PARTY and NATIONAL PARTIES. INSTEAD WE ARE LEFT WITH DANGEROUS SECTIONAL PARTIES! √Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat WhigFree Soil “We Polked them in ’44, we’ll Pierce ‘em in ’52!”

13. 1852Election Results

14. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

15. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • In an effort to please Southerners Stephen Douglas proposed this act • Divided free Nebraska territory into two territories: Kansas & Nebraska • Popular Sovereignty would decide free/slave status (assumed Kansas would go slave) • Repudiates 36°30’ Missouri Compromise line • Led to “Bleeding Kansas” atrocities • Led to birth of new Republican Party

16. “Bleeding Kansas” Hoping to win Kansas for their side both groups began settling (and arming) Kansas Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians)

17. John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre 1856 In retaliation for a “border ruffian” attack on Lawrence, KS John Brown and his son’s massacre five pro-slavery men along a Creek

18. LeCompton Constitution • Constitution allowed voters to vote for Kansas “with slavery” or “with no slavery” • HOWEVER….. If they voted against slavery provisions STILL allowed owners with slaves already in Kansas to keep them! New and weak Pres. Buchanan agrees to support Lecompton Anger ,led by Sen. Stephen Douglas, leads to vote on entire Constitution Whole constitution voted down and Kansas remains territory….

19. Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 • Caused by Kansas Nebraska Act Made up of: • Northern Whigs. • Northern Democrats. • Free-Soilers. • Know-Nothings. • Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

20. “The Crime Against Kansas” John L. Magee’s Southern Chivalry—Argument Versus Clubs Preston Brooks savagely beat Sumner on floor of US Senate Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA) Rep. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

21. 1856 Presidential Election √James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard FillmoreDemocrat Republican American Party

22. 1856Election Results

23. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 • A slave had lived in North as a free man with his master • Sued for his freedom • Results: • 1. Overturned Missouri Compromise of 1820 • 2. African-Americans were not considered citizens (“They have no rights that a white man need respect.”)

24. What caused thePanic of 1857?? What were itseffects on the nation?

25. The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 “A House divided against itself, cannot stand.”

26. Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine PopularSovereignty?

27. John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

28. John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol buildingby John Steuart Curry (20c)

29. 1860PresidentialElection √Abraham LincolnRepublican John BellConstitutional Union Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

30. Republican Party Platform in 1860 • Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. • Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. • No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. • Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. • Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. • Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

31. 1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

32. 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

33. 1860 Election Results

34. Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)

35. Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

36. War Comes at Fort Sumter! April 12, 1861