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Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and Phonology. [fon Є tiks and fon Ɔ logi] Weeks 2-4 [wiks tu to for]. Phonology vs. Phonetics?.

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Phonetics and Phonology

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  1. Phonetics and Phonology [fonЄtiks and fonƆlogi] Weeks 2-4 [wiks tu to for]

  2. Phonology vs. Phonetics? • “It is not unreasonable [...] to say that phonology deals with the systems and structures of speech, while phonetics focuses more narrowly on articulation and acoustics. But the boundary should not be sharply drawn [...]” (Clark, Yallop, and Fletcher 1997:4) http://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phonology+phonetics&ei=wx2eS8W-PIiKyQTL7YjyDA&client=firefox-a&cd=3#v=onepage&q=&f=true

  3. A Descriptive (not prescriptive) science • Speakers are concerned with speaking/(and meaning), the linguist is concerned with how it is said. • Concerned with the details, the structure, the rules.

  4. [fonɛtɪk sɪmbɔls] • [pʌteto] • ɛkstrə

  5. Phonetics

  6. Places of articulation

  7. Places of articulation (2.2.4) • Bilabial- bringing lips together [p] [b] [m] • Labiodental-lower lip and teeth [f] [v] • Interdental- tip of tongue through teeth [θ][ð] • Alveolar- tongue at/near the alveolar ridge [t] [s] [n] • Palatal- further back of mouth on hard palate [dʒ] [j] [ ʃ ] • Velar – soft part of roof of mouth behind hard palate/velar [k] [g] [ŋ] • Glottal- produced at the larnyx [h]

  8. Manner of Articulation (2.2.5) • Voiced & Voiceless consonants • Rounded & lax vowels /meet/ vs /boot/ [i] vs [u] • Fricatives (2.2.5)/(2.4.3) [f] [v] [s] • Affricates (2.2.5) [ t ʃ ], [d ʒ] • Stops [b] [t] [k] • Liquids [l] [r] • Nasals [n] [m] [ŋ]

  9. Describing phonemes • Voiced bilabial stop • [b] • Voiceless labidental fricative • [f] • Voiced labiodental fricative [v] • Mid front lax vowel • Low back rounded vowel

  10. Transcription • [kɛnsʌl ɪz nɔrməli leit fɔr klɑs] • /Kencil is normally late for class/ • Transcribe your name • [tʃranskraib jɔr neim] • Our proposal is due today • [ɔwʌr prʌpozal Iz tʌde] • And the methodology is due next week. • [and ðI mЄθɔdɔlʌdʒi Iz dʒu nЄkst wik]

  11. Diacritics • Length [:] [skwiz] [i] [i:] • /right/ -[rait] or [rai:t] • Aspiration [h] • Nasalised [~] • Stress [`] /father/

  12. G - [dʒi] • X- [ ] • /prime minister/ -[praimI n Istʌ] • /carry/ • /ask/ -[aks] “axe” Єks

  13. Phonology [fonƆləgi]

  14. [fonƆləgi] • Is the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds. • What are the predictable and unpredictable? • What are the characteristics of the environment that affect the change in sounds?

  15. Allophones • Variants of a phoneme. • Non-contrastive (no change in meaning; English) • Contrastive (changes the meaning; Hindi) • Same or different environment • Changes meaning (or not) • “fruit” [pʰəl] • “moment” [pəl]

  16. Minimal Pairs • Words that differ because of one sound which causes different meaning. • “pin” & “tin” [pIn] & [tIn]

  17. Phonological Rules X Y/C____D [n] [m]/_____ labial consonant

  18. Assimilation • Sound becomes more like the neighbouring ones. • Resembles the environment. • Alevolar Stop Assimilation –(consonants) • “Sit down” • Vowel harmony (Vowels) • Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/ • Any difference in plural marker? Why?

  19. Dissimilation

  20. Insertion (p., 113) • Sit down “sit dunk” • [sɪdɔŋk] • “Melon” [mɛlion] • H-Insertion • “ʰegg” • [ʰ] [ʰɛg] [ʰaus]

  21. Deletion (p., 114) • H-Deletion • “home”- [om] • “Nintendo” [ɪntɛndo]

  22. Metathesis • A Change in the order of sounds • [aks] • [krai] ?

  23. Next week • Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/ • Any difference in plural marker? Why? • H/W • Allomorphs (diff sounds indicate diff meaning) • Morphophonemic rules • Feature Matrix • Read chapter and work on exercises.

  24. What is an allophone? • Definition   An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. • Examples (English)   [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. • [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. • Examples (Spanish)   [b] and [B] are allophones of the phoneme /b/. • [d] and [D] are allophones of the phoneme /d/. • http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllophone.htm

  25. Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-phone-allophone • Morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-phone-allophone   The relationship between a morpheme and its morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between a phoneme and its phones and allophones. •   A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs. •   A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones (phonetic sounds) in different environments. These phones are called allophones. • http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm

  26. Formal Notation of Phonological Rules • Basic Format • A  B / C __ D • This means “A becomes B in the environment between C and D” • Eg) /CAD/  /CBD/ • C & D are conditioning sounds • Example (vowel nasalization) • Vowels become nasalized before a nasal sound • [+syllabic]  [+nasal] / _____ [+nasal]

  27. Cont’d • Distinctive features are normally used • But other conventional diacritics are allowed • Boundaries: • # (word), + (morpheme), $ (syllable) • ___# (word final), #___ (word initial), • $___ (syllable initial) • Segments: • C(consonant), V(vowel), G(glide), N(nasal), L(lateral)

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