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Childhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in the United States

Childhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in the United States. Amber France Concordia University. Introduction. R ates have tripled over the past 30 years (Ogden & Carroll, 2010) Due to an increase in high calorie, high sugar, high fat foods and sedentary lifestyle

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Childhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in the United States

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  1. Childhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in the United States Amber France Concordia University

  2. Introduction • Rates have tripled over the past 30 years (Ogden & Carroll, 2010) • Due to an increase in high calorie, high sugar, high fat foods and sedentary lifestyle • Complex issue with multiple influential factors: (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012) • Genetics • Behavioral • Environmental

  3. Biostatistics • Obesity rate research examines: • BMI • Location and socioeconomic status to determine prevalence • Physical activity • Nutrition • Collection of data through surveys: • National Survey for Children’s Health (NSCH) • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) • NHANES Youth Fitness Survey (CDC, 2013)

  4. Epidemiology Obesity Rates Based on Age Obesity Rates Based on Race & Gender (Ogden & Carroll, 2010)

  5. Socioeconomic Status • Rates increase with (CDC, 2011) • Decrease in household education • Family below 400% poverty • Children >2 hours screen time per day • Less than a bachelor’s degree • Less likely to breastfeed through at least 3 months • Study in New York public elementary school (Thorpe, List, Marx, May, Helgerson, & Frieden, 2004) • 43% had BMI >85th percentile • 1 in 4 children obese • 31% Hispanic children • 23% black children • 16% white children • 14% Asian children

  6. Examining BMI Charts • Study to identify predictors of severe obesity • Data obtained through interviews with children, parents, childcare, early-education providers, and teachers • Questions pertaining to child’s nutrition, physical activity, health care, & experiences • Looked at parental characteristics (maternal weight, behaviors, and MD counseling) • Results: • Crossing 85th percentile prior to kindergarten increased risk • At 9 months: double risk • 2-4 years: 8x more likely to be obese by kindergarten • Major contributors: • Formula feeding • Early introduction to solids • Lack of health care • Poor nutritional behaviors (Flores & Lin, 2013)

  7. Maternal Influences • Maternal obesity triples odds of childhood obesity • Younger maternal age increases risk • Smoking • Profession or level of education • Not breastfeeding exclusively for the first 6 months of life (Reilly et al, 2005) (Flores & Lin, 2013)

  8. Biomedical • Obesity: • Chronic energy imbalance resulting in fat accumulation • Associated with chronic disease such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer • Influences on obesity • Genetics • Environment (CDC, 2011)

  9. Genetics • Not solely to blame • Variants in genes cause decrease sensitivity to satiety • Multiple genes play a factor & operate under multiple mechanisms such as (Farooqi & O’Rahilly, 2007) • Energy intake • Dividing nutrients between fat & lean muscle • Thrifty Genotype • Gene that helps survive during famines now coupled with todays environment & behaviors being challenged (CDC, 2012)

  10. Environmental Influences • Abundant availability of low cost energy dense foods • Sedentary lifestyle • Increase in automobiles • Lack of safe sidewalks • Building structures & designs • “Obesogenic Environment” (Bouchard, 2007) • Large portion sizes • High fat, sugar, and caloric diets • TV, video games, computer use (Farooqi & O’Rahilly, 2007)

  11. Social and Environmental Factors • Obesity is a public health crisis • Poor diet & physical activity 2nd leading cause of death in US • Factors: • Behavioral • Environmental • Social • Parental • School-based • Community (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012)

  12. Behavioral Factors • Contributors: • High fat, sugar, and caloric diets provided to children • Sedentary lifestyle • Leads to: • Consuming more calories • Burning less energy • Weight gain and obesity (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012)

  13. Environmental & Social Factors • Food intake & physical activity influenced by surroundings • Influences • Parents are most influential to lifestyle choices • Children spend most of their day in school • Community offers affordable and accessible healthy options (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012)

  14. Parental Influence • Most influential factor • Parents responsible for child’s lifestyle • Interventions: • Education with parents begin during pregnancy • Intrapersonal & interpersonal level of influence (Schneider, 2011, pg. 234) • Child gain knowledge, attitude, & skills to eat healthy & by physically active (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012)

  15. School-Based Influence • Children spend most of their day in school • Interventions to influence at the institutional level:(Schneider, 2011, pg. 234) • School lunch programs • Decrease sugary beverages • Increase fruit, vegetable, & water • Physical education classes • Mandatory classes with moderate to vigorous activities • Health education classes • Educate on healthy lifestyles (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012)

  16. Community Influence • Supports and encourages healthy lifestyles by • Offering healthy foods at social events • Imparting healthy messages • Educational programs on healthy lifestyles • Ex: walk to school day • Billboards, media, & entertainment aimed towards healthy lifestyles • Safe play areas and sidewalks • Decrease in vending machines (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012)

  17. Educating Behavior Change • Use the health belief model • Individual feels vulnerable to the threat • Perceived severity of the threat • Perceived barriers to taking action to reduce risk • Perceived effectiveness of taking action • Important to educate both the parents and the children • Parents must be involved to make the biggest impact (Schneider, 2011, pg. 231)

  18. Conclusions and Future Study • Obesity is a growing problem • Parents, schools, community, & government all play a role in the lifestyle choices a child makes • Education is needed for all to make the biggest impact • Children need to be surrounded with healthy choices • Instilling lifelong healthy habits will be passed down to each generation stopping this epidemic • Further research needed on influential exposures during pregnancy

  19. References Bouchard, C. (2007). The biological predisposition to obesity: beyond the thrifty genotype scenario. International Journal of Obesity,31, 1337-1339. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v31/n9/full/0803610a.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012) Genomics and Health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/diseases/obesity/index.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011) Health, United States, 2011 With Special Feature on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011) Obesity and Genetics. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/features/obesity/ Farooqi, I.S., and O’Rahilly, S. (2007). Genetic Factors in Human Obesity. International Association for the Study of Obesity, 8(1, 37-40. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00315.x/pdf Flores, G., & Lin, H. (2013). Factors Predicting Severe Childhood Obesity in Kindergartners. International Journal of Obesity, 37. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v37/n1/pdf/ijo2012168a.pdf Karnik, S., & Kanekar, A. (2012) Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis. International Journal of Preventative Medicine, 3(1)1-7. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278864/

  20. References National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. (2013). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm Ogden, C.,& Carroll, M. (2010). Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolsecents: United States, Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_07_08/obesity_child_ 07_08.htm Reilly, J.J., Armstrong, J., Dorosty, A.R., Emmett, P.M., Ness, A., Rogers, I., … Sherriff, A. (2005). Early Life Risk Factors for Obesity in Childhood: Cohort Study. BMJ Online First, 330. Retrieved from http://www.bmj.com/content/330/7504/1357.pdf%2Bhtml Schneider, M-J. (2011). Introduction to Public Health (3rd Edition ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Thorpe, L.E., List, D.G., Marx, T., May, L., Helgerson, S.D., & Frieden, T.R. (2004). American Journal of Public Health, 94(9). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448480/pdf/0941496.pdf

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