Life Classification: How are living things classified?

1. Topic: Life Aim: How are living things classified? DO NOW: Reflection; Write several sentences explaining why you would organize your CD collection, clothing or music in your IPod

2. Shadow Partner ACTIVITY Classify these classroom objects !

3. The National Science Foundation’s “Tree of Life” project estimates that there could be anywhere from 5 million to 100 million species on the planet, but science has only identified about 2 million.

4. Topic: Life Aim: How are living things classified? Continued DO NOW: Define classification and explain why it is helpful to a taxonomist?

5. Classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy

6. What is taxonomy? Branch of biology that deals with classification of living things

7. The First Classification Systems Greek philosopher Aristotle, in 4th century BC, divided living things in 2 groups: Plants and Animals. He also placed animals into 3 groups according to how they moved (ones that flew, swam, walked). Birds and bats were placed into the same group even though they are quite different. This system was used for almost 2000 years. Around the 17th century scientists started to classify organisms in a more meaningful way (form and structure).

8. classification is based on the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics

9. Inquiring minds want to Know Think about an elephant.  Develop a mental image of it.  How would you describe it to someone who has never seen one?  Take a moment to consider carefully . . . Not surprisingly, biologists also classify organisms into different categories mostly by judging degrees of apparent similarity and difference that they can see.  The assumption is that the greater the degree of physical similarity, the closer the biological relationship.

10. Characteristics Used for Classification Similarities in structure 1. ANATOMY

11. 2. BIOCHEMISTRY Similarities in genetic makeup (similar proteins, similar DNA) Similarities in the stages of development of embryos 3. EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

13. Topic: LifeAim: How do scientists identify and create scientific names for an organism? DO NOW: • How and why do taxonomist use classification systems? • How do scientist classify living things? • Identify the characteristics observed to classify these organisms.

14. Seven Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

15. Largest groups Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Smallest groups and most closely related to each other

16. How can I remember this? • Kingdom = KING • Phylum = PHILLIP • Class = CAME • Order = OVER • Family = FROM • Genus = GERMANY • Species = SKIPPING

17. Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools

18. What is a species? One kind of organism that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring

19. Naming Organisms Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s) Devised system of binomial nomenclature

20. Naming organisms Before Linnaeus developed his naming system, plants and animals were named by a series of Latin words that described the physical appearance of the organism. This was very confusing. For example, let’s look at the first name of the honey bee. Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus. This means “fuzzy bee, light gray middle, brown body, smooth hind legs that have a small bag edged with tiny hairs.” Linnaeus named it Apis mellifera which means “honey-bearing bee.”

21. How do scientist use characteristics to name an unknown organism?

22. Binomial nomenclature Two-word system of identifying organisms Genus species First and upper case Group ofsimilarspecies • Second and lower case • Describescharacteristic of species

23. Binomial nomenclature Examples Genusspecific epithet Homosapiens * Sapiens means “wise”

25. More examples CanisrufusCanislatrans Red wolf Gray wolf They are of a different species but can mate

26. Canis lupus Procyon lotor Drosophila melanogaster

27. Summary Which scientist Is correctly paired with his contribution to biological science? • Miller – first to observe mitotic cell division. • Linnaeus – devised a binomial system for naming organisms • Hooke – saw the first living cell in pond water • Watson – first observed cells

28. is a tool that scientists can use to help identify a particular specimen Dichotomous key • the term dichotomous begins with the prefix of "di" which means two • allows for the scientist to ask a series of questions with yes or no answers

31. TOPIC: LIFEAIM: How are kingdom’s classified? Organisms are distinguished on the basis of cellular organization and methods of nutrition.  Whether they are single- or multiple-celled and whether they absorb, ingest, or produce food

32. King Paul Came Over For Good Soup

33. What is a kingdom? Largest classification group 5 kingdoms, Very diverse

35. Fungi Plant Monera Animal Protist

36. ANIMAL KINGDOM Multicellular Heterotrophic NOcell walls or chloroplasts 1,000,000 species

37. Multicellular Plant Kingdom Autotrophic Contains cell walls and chloroplasts 250,000 species Examples: pine trees, grass, sunflower, shrubs, maple tree

38. Multicellular or Unicellular Fungi Kingdom Heterotrophic: digest dead Organic matter Cells have cell wall, but NO chloroplasts 100,000 species

39. Unicellular Monera Kingdom Some are autotrophic Some are heterotrophic Prokaryotic (no nucleus) 10,000 species

40. Unicellular but some are multi-cellular Protist Kingdom Some are autotrophic Some are heterotrophic Eukaryotic (have nucleus) 250,000 species

41. Inquiring minds want to know! Shadow partner activity Identify the following organisms as PLANTS ANIMALS PROTIST MONERAN FUNGI

42. Topic: Life Aim: How do scientists identify unknown specimens? Do Now: List a few ideas that may answer the aim