DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD

1. DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD • Who were the first humans on the continent, how did they get here and why did they come? • How did geography and climate affect Indian culture? • What level of technology did most tribes develop?

2. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia • Supposedly crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

3. Hunting & Gathering society.

5. Pueblo – Great Basin Indians. Iroquois – Longhouse typical of E. Woodlands Indians.

6. Mesa Verde – Great Basin (desert of NM) Navajo had to develop “dry farming” techniques. The environment greatly affected each Indian tribe.

7. Cahokia: Mississippian Mound Builders Circa 900-1100 AD Archeological finds, supported by oral traditions of show North American Indians could have been very complex.

8. Columbus “discovers” a “New World.” October, 1492

9. NEW WORLD OLD WORLD

10. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

11. New Weapons Technology

12. Columbian Exchangeor the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

13. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of • Southern part of North America • Central America • Caribbean Islands • Most of outer South America

14. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas • Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish. • Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized. • Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways. • New Laws --> 1542

15. Between 1492 – 1592 the Indian population was reduced by 90%.

16. The Spanish Colonial Caste System PeninsularesSpanish ancestory CreolesSpanish and Black mixture. MestizosSpanish and Indian mixture MulattosWhite American and Black mixture Black Slaves Native Indians

17. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM • This is the Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply • Very similar to European feudalism • 2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations • Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands • Indians often rendered personal services as well. • 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to • protect his wards • instruct them in the Christian faith • defend their right to use the to live off the land • 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. • 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

18. Indian Resistance to Spanish Pueblo Indians (NM) revolt against Spanish rule in 1680 known as Pope’s Rebellion.

19. The “New World” questions (PEO) Did Columbus discover a “New World?” (CUL) Did Columbus create a “New World?” (WOR) What was the Columbian Exchange? (WXT) How did the Spanish conquer such a huge area of land populated by millions?