Unit V- States of Consciousness

1. Unit V- States of Consciousness Consciousness Sleeping Dreams

2. Consciousness • _____________- our awareness of the _________ world and of ourselves, including our own mental processes, _________, feelings, and perceptions. • ________ show ______ and _______ waves

3. Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness How is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes?

4. What Consciousness Does for Us • Restricts our _________ • Attention is the state of focused __________ • Combines sensation with ________ and memory • Allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can __________

5. Levels ofConsciousness Present Awareness Conscious Just below awareness Subconscious No Conscious Processing Preconscious Nonconscious Nonconscious Past awareness No awareness Unconscious

6. Preconscious • ____________- level of consciousness that is _________ of awareness but contains feelings and ________ that can easily be brought to ___________ awareness. • What did you have for dinner last night?

7. Unconscious • _________- the level of consciousness that includes often ________ feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly __________ to conscious awareness. • Well-learned tasks become __________: • Driving • Typing • When you meet people you _____________ react to their gender, age, and appearance

8. Nonconscious • _____________- the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely _____________ to conscious awareness. • _____________: blood flow, filtering of the blood by kidneys, secretions of hormones • Lower level processing of __________: detecting edges, estimating size and distance of objects, recognizing _________

9. Dual Processing • ________ processing refers to the _________ information on conscious and _________ levels at the same _______.

10. Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and the patterns of stimulation in our environment What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?

11. Circadian Rhythms • __________________- daily patterns of change • Psychological patterns that repeat every __________ • Repeat every ______ hours in a place without normal night-day • Influence: • ___________ cycle • Hormone release • Body ______________ • Other important body functions • ___________ is the disruption and re-shifting of your circadian rhythms

12. Circadian Rhythms

14. Circadian Rhythms • __________________- • Controls _______________ clock • Regulating changes in blood pressure, body temp, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, activity levels, sleep, and wakefulness over 24 hours • Contains the _______________ nucleus • SCN’s activity causes the brain’s pineal gland to _________ production of the sleep inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and ________ it at night.

15. Circadian Rhythms • ________________ (reticular activating system)- • Neural network in _____________ (medulla and pons) and midbrain essential to the ____________ of sleep, wakefulness, _____________, and attention.

16. States of Consciousness • Include: • Normal waking (consciousness) • __________ • Sleep • ____________ • Meditation • __________ states

17. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? • __________- state with focus on inner, private realities, which can generate _________ ideas. • Urge to daydream peaks about every _____ minutes • Urge highest between ______ and 2:00 pm • Almost _______ of your waking hours • May provide _______ relief

18. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? • _______- is a complex ____________ of states of consciousness, each with its own level of consciousness, ____________, responsiveness, and physiological _______. • The sleep cycle involves: • ___________ (NREM) sleep • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • Stage 3 • Stage 4 • ______ sleep

19. Sleep Stages • ___________ sleep: • About every _____ minutes, we pass trough a cycle of _______ distinct sleep stages.

20. Awake and Alert • During strong _______ engagement, the brain exhibits _________ and fast, irregular ______ waves (15-30 cps). • An awake person involved in a conversation shows ______ activity. Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake!

21. Twilight- Awake but Relaxed • When an individual closes his eyes but remains _______, his brain activity ______ down to a large amplitude and slow, regular _____ waves (9-14 cps). • A _______ person exhibits an _____brain activity.

22. Stage 1 Sleep • _____ light sleep- brain enters a _____ amplitude, slow, regular wave from called _____ waves (5-8 cps). • Gradual loss of __________ to outside • Drifting thoughts and images • The ____________ state • Sense of falling most common • A person who is ____________ shows _______ activity. Theta Waves

23. Stage 2 Sleep • Accounts for about ___ of sleep time • Lasts about ____ minutes • Clearly asleep, but _____ to awaken • EEG shows high-frequency ____________ and K-complexes Theta Waves

24. Stage 3 Sleep • _________ sleep stage • ____________, low-frequency _______ waves (1.5-4 cps) • Lasts only a _______ minutes

25. Stage 4 Sleep • ________ sleep stage • Very _______ to awaken • High-amplitude, low-frequency ______ waves (1.5-4 cps) • Stage 3 and 4 together last about ____ minutes • Sleep ______ and/or _______ tends to occur at the end of this stage

26. REM Sleep • _______ Eye Movement Sleep • Sleep stage where eyes dart about • About ______ dreaming • 5 to 6 times each night (about _____ of sleep time) • Also called _________ sleep because muscles are relaxed (_________) but other systems are active. • EEGs show ______ waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state.

27. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep • With each 90-minute cycle: • Stage 4 sleep __________ • Duration of REM sleep __________

28. Why Do We Sleep? • We spend ________ of our lives sleeping. • If an individual remains awake for several _____, they deteriorate in terms of _______ function, concentration, and ________.

29. Sleep Deprivation • ________ and subsequent death • Impaired concentration • Emotion ___________ • Depressed ________ system • Greater __________

30. Accidents • Frequency of accidents ________ with loss of sleep

31. REM Rebound • When you are sleep deprived you lose out on ______types of sleep, REM and _____(non-REM). Typically when you have a chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more _______sleep than you would normally get. • This is your body's way of trying to _______up on its REM sleep.

32. Sleep Theories • Sleep _______: Sleeping in the _______ when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. • Sleep ________: Sleep helps restore and repair ______ tissue. • Sleep Helps __________: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading ________. • Sleep and ________: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases _____ hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

33. Sleep Disorders • _________ • Difficulty falling asleep or ________asleep • Affects about ___million Americans • May be related to stress, ________, medication • Can also be caused by noise, __________, or trying to sleep in a new environment

34. Sleep Disorders • _________ and sleepwalking • Usually occurs during Stage ___ sleep • More common in _______ • Sleepwalking more common in _____ • Night ________ • Episodes of fright that occur during stages ______ of NREM sleep • Person may sit up or ______, but likely will not _______ the episode in the morning

35. Sleep Disorders • ______ • Person stops breathing momentarily during sleep • Affects about 10 to 12 million Americans • REM _______ Disorder • Body fails to _______ during REM sleep. • “Sleepwalk With Me” • Sleep _________ • Body fails to undo the paralysis briefly upon walking.

36. Sleep Apnea • Shaq Attacks Sleep Apnea

37. Sleep Disorders • _____________ • Suddenly falling asleep without ______during waking hours • Narcoleptics often experience loss of _________tone as well • May also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing _________ • Likely caused by a_____ nervous system defect • Narcoleptic dog video

38. Lucid Dreaming • Lucid Dreaming ASAP video

39. Dream Findings • ________Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. • ________Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. • _________Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. • Dreams of __________:Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women.

40. Dream Theories • Activation Synthesis • Information Processing • Cognitive Theory • Psychodynamic Theory Dreams mean very little Dreams mean quite a bit.

41. Dreaming is weird- let’s understand this better!

42. Activation-Synthesis Theory- Hobson • Dreams result from random __________ of brain cells responsible for eye movement, muscle movement, balance, and vision. • The brain then _________ (combines) this activity with existing knowledge and memories as if the signals came from the environment. • How we __________ the random images and sensations is the dream’s _________.

43. Information Processing- Cartwright • Dreams help us _______ the days events and ______ our memories • Help sift, sort, understand, and fix a day’s experience in our memories • They may help us work out unsolved _________. • We go to bed with a problem, and when we wake up the problem is solved (or forgotten, which may be a solution in itself) • When we are under _____ or _______, we sleep longer, and the amount of time spent in REM _________. • Suggests that we are working on the things that are worrying us while we dream.

44. Information-Processing Theory- Cartwright • Evidence that dreams as reflections of current ________: • Reflect ongoing conscious ______________ of waking life: • Concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health • More likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than ________ would predict: • Students dream about _________ • Instructors dream about forgetting lecture notes • Males and females appear to dream about ________ issues now that lives and concerns of the two sexes have become similar: • _______ children, clothes, household objects • ______  weapons, violence, sex, achievement

45. Psychodynamic Theory- Freud • ________________ • Dreams provide a psychic safety _______ to discharge unacceptable feelings from the _____. • The superego creates symbolic _________ to mask the unacceptable thoughts. • _____ content- the remembered storyline of a dream • _________ content- the underlying ________ of a dream

46. Dream Theories

47. Hypnosis • __________- • Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened __________ and deep ________ • _______________- • Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestion • ____________ sway • Imaginative

48. Hypnosis as an Altered State • Experts ________ about whether hypnosis involves: • A ________ state of consciousness • Heightened _________ • _________ processes such as role playing • A ___________ state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view)

49. Practical Uses for Hypnosis • Hypnosis can have ________ uses for: • Researchers • Psychological __________ • ________ and dental treatment • Hypnotic __________- • Diminished _________ to pain while under hypnosis

50. Meditation • ____________- set of techniques used to focus ___________ away from thoughts and feelings in order to create _________, tranquility, and inner peace.