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Social Judgment and Empathy

Social Judgment and Empathy. Class 16. Emotions Diary Exercise. Emotions Diary Exercise. Create packet of 7 diaries, including today's Complete diary at start of class, from today to April 23 (NOT April 25) On April 23 I will provide materials for analyzing your diaries.

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Social Judgment and Empathy

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  1. Social Judgment and Empathy Class 16

  2. Emotions Diary Exercise

  3. Emotions Diary Exercise Create packet of 7 diaries, including today's Complete diary at start of class, from today to April 23 (NOT April 25) On April 23 I will provide materials for analyzing your diaries. NOTE: I will not see your individual diaries--that is yours. What you write on them is for your eyes only!

  4. Subliminally Priming Moods Bargh & Chartrand, 1996 Ss told: Interested in how fast people can react to visual stimuli. Procedure 1. Four stimulus words, all of which are: a. Very Pos: music, friends b. Mildly pos: clown, parade c. Very neg: war, cancer d. Mildly neg: worm, Monday 2. Backward mask: XBMEMENGYRYRBHXM 3. Mood measure

  5. Effect of Subliminal Prime on Mood

  6. Subliminal Moods and Stereotyping Bargh & Chartrand, Study 2 Who are more likely to apply stereotypes? People in good moods? Wait and see. People in bad moods? Procedure: 1. Ss subliminally primed with strong pos, strong neg, or neutral words. 2. Ss complete stereotyping task: John/Jane fed the baby because __________ Sally/Steve changed the motor oil because ______ Effort to "explain away" gender-inconsistent action = stereotyping.

  7. Effect of Mood on Stereotyping Why do positive moods --> stereotyping? Stereotypes are mental short-cuts. People take short cuts in positive moods.

  8. Do Subliminally Primed Emotions Affect Liking for Things You Consume? Winkielman, Berridge, & Wilbarger, 2005

  9. Class 17Empathy and Altruism

  10. Jacob Riis and Urban Poverty: The Progressive Era (1880s-1910s)

  11. Dorothea Lange and FSA New Deal Photos of the Great Depression (1932-1942)

  12. FSA to Steinbeck to Hollywood: New Deal Imagery

  13. Acts of Selfless (?) Heroism The “fifth man” in Air Florida crash Polish Concentration Camp Guard Question: What motivates this behavior?

  14. Why Do People Help Others? Altruistic explanation -- Caring Egoistic explanations Negative state relief: Stop personal discomfort Avoid social/self punishments: Shame, guilt Seek social/self rewards: Honor, pride

  15. A “Selfishness Bias” in Psychology? Freud: Behavior based on pleasure principle Skinner: Behavior based on pleasure principle Modern Self Theorists in Social Psychology: 1. Totalitarian ego: false uniqueness, false representativeness 2. Self affirmation 3. Self esteem 4. Self monitoring 5. Self efficacy 6. Downward social comparison

  16. The “Selfish Gene” Theory Fundamental goal of life-forms – pass on genes Who will pass on genes? Those who survive Therefore behaviors that promote survival are “adaptive” and are “selected in” Behaviors that jeopardize survival are maladaptive and are “selected out” Who is more likely to survive, the selfless helper or the selfish non-helper?

  17. Challenges to “Selfish Gene” Inclusive Fitness: Share genes with others Risk taking for others promotes their survival People more apt to sacrifice for those closest to them in terms of shared genes Reciprocal Altruism: I help you today, you help me tomorrow, and typically with interest.

  18. Prosocial Behavior vs. Altruistic Behavior 1. Prosocial: Helping others, for any reason 2. Altruistic: Helping others because you care about them.

  19. Emotions Consistent with Egoistic (Selfish) Behavior Emotions Consistent with Altruistic Behavior Envy Pride Jealousy Spite Greed Lust Gluttony Covetousness Scheudenfreude Empathy "Enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others"

  20. “Circumstantial” Evidence of Empathy  Altruism Link • 1. Evolutionary Biology • 2. Neurology/Physiology • Empathy evident at a very early age, perhaps across species. • a. Sympathetic crying b. Help kid who lost his marbles • c. Walruses risk lives to help harpooned fellows • 4. Empathy evident in individualistic societies • 5. Empathy  helping has immediate quality • a. Experiments on helping: physio reaction  helping • b. Accounts of helpers: “didn’t think, just did it” “it felt right”

  21. Daniel Batson: Empathy and Altruism Batson conducts classic research on “bystander intervention”, showing how situations can prevent people from helping. Jerusalem to Jericho study, for example However, he becomes interested why some people help, others do not, regardless of the situation. Asks: Are we capable of caring?

  22. Empathy vs. Avoiding Shame: The “Elayne” Study 1. Subs. told: study about learning and shocks 2. Sub. is “observer”, confed. (“Elayne”) is “learner” 3. Sub. sees Elayne struggle showing distress, upset 4. Exptr. calls a break, asks Elayne if OK, “yes, but water please.” Elayne is clearly distressed. 5. During break, Sub completes mood check-list. Purpose: ID people high/low on empathy 6. Elayne confides to Expt. childhood trauma w’ shocks. 7. Expt. asks Subs: “willing to switch places w’ Elayne?” 8. Subs. must qualify to help by performing well at test a. For ½ Subs. “easy test, most can do well” b. For ½ Subs. “hard test, most can’t do well”

  23. “Social Censure” Predictions “Empathy and Altruism” Predictions Justification for not helping Justification for not helping Low Empathy Condition Low Empathy Condition High Empathy Condition High Empathy Condition Weak Justif. Helps Helps Strong Justif. No Help No Help Weak Justif. Helps Helps Strong Justif. No Help Helps “Social Censure” vs. “Empathy and Altruism” Predictions

  24. Rates of Volunteering to Help Distressed “Elaine” as a Function of Felt Empathy and Opportunity to Avoid Social Censure Batson et al., 1988 Note: Easy test = Low Justification to avoid helping Hard test = High justification to avoid helping

  25. Effort Made to Qualify to Help “Elaine” as a Function of Felt Empathy and Opportunity for Face-Saving Out Batson, et al., 1988 Note: Easy Test = Low justification to avoid trying on test Hard Test = High justification of avoid trying on test

  26. S Solution to Selfishness vs. Altruism Debate – “The Shared Self” Problem: Do we ever intentionally act outside of self-interest? Solution: Reconsider what we mean by “self” and “other” Batson’s implicit definition – these are distinct entities O

  27. S O Solution to Selfishness vs. Altruism, Contin. What do people say when someone they love has died?What phases do they use to express this kind of loss? “Part of me is missing”, “It’s as if I lost a limb” What does this suggest about the self/other divide? In other words, can self/other be represented as overlapping, rather than separate? In this case “me” is not limited to my biological self, but to a shared self. Empathy  Altruism my require this “shared self”

  28. MID TERM Ave. Score = 80.21 Correl: Multi : Short = .72 Added 4 pts "Extra Credit" Midterm = 35% of grade Mid.pts = Final.grade.pts 60 21 70 25 80 28 90 32 100 35 104 36

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