Bio-Fuels Are A Good Thing

1. Bio-Fuels Are A Good Thing By: Marta Salgado Segovia, Jordan Stemp, and Dana VanLaningham Conservation Biology Dr. David Roon University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho 83843 www.futurity.org

2. SUMMARY • Introduction: • What are Biofuels • Types of Biofuels • Our position: • Why are Biofuelsbenefitial? • Biofuels Resources • New discoveries every year • Key arguments: • Fossil fuel pollutants • Agricultural benefits • Contribution of energy supply • Second generation biofuels • Foreign oils. • Conclusion

3. What are Biofuels? • Biofuels are composed of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids.4

4. In Simpler Terms • Biofuels are fuels that are produced from organic materials (biomass) such as plant and animal materials and by-products.4 www.solarcity.org

5. Types of biofuels… Ethanol Biodiesel www.chemistryland.com www.in.gov • adds oxygen to gasoline = ↑ combustion • efficiency4 • reduces toxic exhaust emissions by 30%4 • reduces particulate matter (PM) • emissions by >25%4 • contains no petroleum4 • biodegradable4 • non-toxic4

6. Why are biofuels beneficial? • Vast areas of extraction • Minimized amounts of harmful emissions • Beneficial to the agricultural market • Easier to produce than regular oil • No high risk in relation to ecosystems • Reduced foreign oil dependence www.nytime-se.com

7. Biofuels can be made from many different resources… Vegetable oil Animal fat Soybeans Wheat Grain Plankton Corn www.static.flicker.com

8. New discoveries every year Scientists are finding new materials in which they can create biofuels. • According to H. Fountain5, biofuels can even be derived out of chicken feather and coffee grounds. • And with these discoveries the sources of biofuels are seeming to be never-ending. www.findingdulcinea.com www.wordpress.com www.atpm.com

9. Fossil Fuel Pollutants • Fossil Fuels when burned give off large amounts of SO2 and NOx • These are some of the elements used in the creation of Acid Rain, which can be harmful to many areas of ecosystems. www.pollsb.com www.vintagemodelairplane.com

10. Biofuels Pollutants • Biofuels when burned give off low amounts of CO2. • This is an emission that is not as harmful as fossil fuel’s emissions. • Also these can be absorbed by plants and exchanged for oxygen. www.naturesdesktop.com

11. Agricultural Benefits • Most of the biofuels that are created are obtained from material that can be obtained in the agricultural district. • Agriculture is already an area of business that is in high regard to the public. • Because of the “double need”, the market of agriculture is then spilt between the Food production industry and the Fuel production industry. www.youthareawesome.com

12. Agricultural Benefit Continued… • This split causes two areas that are interested in the same resource. • This diversifies the resource, but splitting into two different areas rather then sending it all to the same area www.townnews.com www.earthfirst.com www.makebiofuels.co.uk

13. Agricultural Benefit Continued… again • Also one of the sources to produce biofuels is organic waste provided by agriculture processes. • By producing biofuels, the agricultural district is recycling some of their old materials and creating new energy. • This can be seen as a “double benefit”. www.photogallery.net

14. Contribution to Energy supply Fossil energy balance = energy contained in the biofuel / the fossil energy used in its production Do notforget……… Energy required to cultivate and harvest the feedstock, process it into biofuel, transport it and the resulting biofuel at the various phases of its production and distribution. ( FAO, 2008, Biofuels)

15. Contribution to Energy Supply Figure 1 (Worldwatch Institute ,2006).

16. ContributiontoEnergySupply Sugar-cane-basedethanol, depends notonly on feedstock productivity, but also onthe fact that it is processed using BIOMASS RESIDUES from sugar cane (bagasse) as energy input.(Christian RodriguezCoronad,2009) The range of estimated fossil fuel balances for cellulosic feedstocks is evenwider. (Worldwatch Institute ,2006).

17. SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS First generation biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel,etc.) Orly use a portion of E available in biomass... Second Generation (2G) Biofuel Processes are able to convert cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (majority components of plants) into liquid fuel . →→Cellulosic biomass is the most abundant biological material on earth ←← Advantages? YES • Expansion of VOLUME (process energy for 2G could be provided by left-over parts of the plants ) • 2. More VARIETY of sources to produce Biofuel. • 3. Produce MORE biomass per hectare of land because the entire crop is available as feedstock for conversion to fuel = MORE EFFICIENT.

18. SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS …….Continue advantages?YES 4. The cost of the cellulosic feedstock itself is LOWER than for current first-generation feedstocks . 5. Less contaminant → fuels from perennial crops and woody and agricultural residues could dramatically reduce life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. 6. New use for abandoned lands. 7. Easier to store. It is also more robust for handling. 8. Maintain its quality over time compared with food crops, resist deterioration. ( FAO, 2008, Biofuels)

19. SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS In Summary… Second generation biofuels present a completely different picture in terms of their implication for agriculture and food security (avoid problems like raise of prices and its consequences on poor populations). Their effects on commodity markets, land-use change and the environment also differ from current context into a more encouraging one.

20. Second-generation biofuels are PROMISING

21. Foreign Oil Threat, Competition, Cost, and Alternatives www.cesd.az

22. Foreign Oil THREAT • Oct. 6, 1973 • Saudi Arabia attacks • Israel • Economic attack on • Israeli allies • Oct. 18, 1973 • S.A. to cut off ALL oil • trade w/U.S. if Arab • demands not met • Abu Dhabi (UAE) halt • ALL oil exp. to U.S. and • others • Arab nation leaders – • “oil as an economic weapon”.1 www.thelindenrow.com

23. Foreign Oil THREAT (cont.) • “Where the impact of economic coercion upon the target group results in intense fear or anxiety, the use of economiccoercion could constitute a form of impermissible terroristic strategy”. (Paust and Blaustein 1974)1

24. Foreign OilCOMPETITION China : U.S. population ~4.5 : 1 www.googlepublicdata.com Figure 1. Total human population of China compared to the United States from 1960-2009 (49 years).

25. Foreign OilCOMPETITION (cont.) China = Growth • Growth is essential to social stability of Chinese Communist Party (CCP)2 • Energy (oil) acquisition vital to Chinese growth • China’s growth regional → global = dependence on foreign resources2 • 31% global growth of oil demand in 20042 • Deals with unstable nations undermines U.S. efforts • Possibility of war (N. Korea/China)

26. Foreign OilCOST What does our dependence on FOREIGN OIL cost us as a nation? • Money • Security • Liberty

27. Foreign OilCOST (cont.) Money • U.S. spends >$1 billion/day on foreign oil3

28. Foreign OilCOST (cont.) Security • 2008 – State Dept. Travel Warning List3 • Algeria, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, • Mauritania, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria3 • Funding the Enemy (anti-American agendas) www.favstocks.com www.treehugger.com

29. Foreign OilCOST (cont.) Liberty • definition: freedom from restraint; to do as one pleases • economy, actions, growth, etc. www.brittishbattles.com

30. IASKYOU… • Why send our money overseas when we could be supporting and enhancing our own economy? • Why support global terrorism? • Why not BE the independent nation our forefathers fought and died for? • Why not contribute to a cleaner and safer tomorrow? www.coolworks.com www.greenabstractbotanical.com

31. Foreign Oil www.artandresponse.com CHOOSE BIOFUELS

32. Literature Cited 1Paust, J. J. and A. P. Blaustein. 1974. The Arab Oil Weapon – A threat to international peace. The American Journal of International Law 68:410-439. 2Zweig, D. and B. Jianhai. 2005. China’s Global Hunt for Energy. Council on foreign relations. 84:25-38. 3Lefton, R. and D. J. Weiss. 2010. Oil Dependence is a Dangerous Habit; Imports Threaten Our Security, Our Environment, and Our Economy. Center for American Progress, USA. 4 Tyner, W. E. 2008. The U.S. Ethanol and Biofuels Boom: It’s Origins, Current status, and Future Prospects. BioScience 58:646-653. 5Fountain, H. (July 27, 2009, July 27). A Recipe for Biodiesel, Plucked From Poultry . New York Times , p. D3. 6Gable, C. a. (2009). About.com. Retrieved 23 2010, Feb, from About.com: http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/biodiesel/a/whatsbiodiesel.htm 7Christian Rodriguez Coronado, a. J. (2009). Biodiesel CO2 emissions: A comparison with the main fuels in the Brazilian market . Fuel Processing Technology , 204-211. 8Exner, J. (2010). Ezine articles. Retrieved Feb 23, 2010, from Ezine articles: http://ezinearticles.com/?Life-Without-Fossil-Fuels&id=1285940 9www.Biodiesel.com. (2010). Retrieved 11 27, 2010, from Pacific Biodiesel: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:sAdbncrGHq4J:www.biodiesel.com/index.php/biodiesel/biodiesel_benefits_why_use_biodiesel+more+easy+to+produce+biofuels+than+fuel&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a

33. Literature Cited (cont.) 10FAO. (2008). BIOFUELS: prospects, risks and opportunities . Rome: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 11Pappis, E. C. (2009). Bio-fuels: A Survey on Pros and Cons. Energy & Fuels , 23, 1055–1066. 12Stefan Bringezu, J. M. (2008). Towards sustainable production and use of resources: Assessing Biofuels. Paris: United Nations Environmental Programmed. 13Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus, Patrick Oswald, Terrill A. Cool, Tina Kasper, Nils Hansen, FeiQi, Charles K. Westbrook, Phillip R. Westmoreland. Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel. AngewandteChemie International Edition, 2010. 14Berndes, G., Hoogwijk, M. and van den Broek, R. (2003) The contribution of biomass in the future globalenergy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass and Bioenergy 25 (1): 1-28 15 Bio-Fuels, Wikipedia, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel