Ch. 13 Notes Evolution

1. Ch. 13 NotesEvolution By: Brianna Shields January 31, 2006

2. DO NOW • Who is the father of evolution? • From what organism did modern humans evolve? • What is the other term given to the theory that explains why evolution occurs?

3. Population Natural Selection Adaptation Reproductive Isolation Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Paleontologist Vestigial Structure Homologous Structure Divergence Speciation Subspecies List the terms in your vocab notebook, leaving about 3-4 spaces between each term

4. GOALS • Identify several observations that led to Darwin to conclude that species evolve • Relate the process of natural selection to its outcome • Summarize the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as it is stated today • Contrast the gradualism and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution • Describe how the fossil record supports evolution • Summarize how biological molecules such as proteins and DNA are uses as evidence of evolution • Infer how comparing the anatomy and development of living species provides evidence of evolution • Identify four elements in the process of natural selection • Describe how natural selection has affected the bacteria that cause tuberculosis • Relate natural selection to the beak size of finches • Summarize the process of species formation

5. Intro to Charles Darwin English naturalist 1859- published theory of evolution Earned a degree in theology Recommended by professor to travel aboard HMS Beagle Evolution

6. HMS Beagle’s Voyage To survey coast of South America Found evidence to challenge creationism (organisms exist, unchanged as originally created) Galapagos Islands Evolution

7. Galapagos Islands Island species resembled those from mainland May have migrated, changed after arrival “Descent with Modification” Evolution

9. Lamarck’s Theory Use and Disuse- attempted to explain evolution Physical features increase in size when used, decrease when not used Changes pass to offspring Incorrect theory, but heading in right direction Evolution

11. Population Individuals of a species that live in a geographical area Can interbreed Evolution

12. Natural Selection Those with favorable behavioral or physical traits will be more likely to survive and reproduce Number of those with favorable traits will increase Organisms in different environments will adapt differently Evolution

14. Adaptations Features that are common in a population because it provides a selective advantage Evolution

15. On Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Book by Darwin) Variation due to mutation exists in genes in all populations Some species better suited to survive and reproduce more Favorable traits tend to spread through the population Fossil evidence supports evolution and extinction Evolution

18. Updating Darwin’s Ideas 1. Natural selection causes frequency of certain alleles to increase or decrease over time Endless numbers of variations can arise due to mutations and recombination Evolution

20. Updating Darwin’s Ideas 2. Populations of same species living in different locations can evolve differently Reproductive Isolation- species can no longer interbreed due to geographic separation Evolution

22. Updating Darwin’s Idease 3. Gradualism- evolution is a gradual change over time Evolution

23. Updating Darwin’s Ideas 4. Punctuated Equilibrium- there are periods of rapid change in species, separated by periods of little to no change Evolution

26. Assessment One • List two observations made by Charles Darwin during his 5 year voyage that led him to conclude that living species evolved from extinct species • Describe how natural selection occurs • Summarize the modern theory of evolution by natural selection • Compare the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution with the gradualism model • Speciation can result when two populations have become?

27. DO NOW • 1. Which model for evolution consists of periods of stability, followed by periods of great change? • 2. The first attempt to explain evolution, made by Lamarck was know as the theory of? • 3. Because Darwin is the father of evolution, it is interesting that he actually holds a degree in what field?

28. Evidence of Evolution 1. Fossil Record A. Shows patterns of evolution B. Allows identification of intermediate forms C. Earth is 4.5 billion years old (organisms have been living for several billion years) D. All of today’s organisms share a common ancestor Evolution

29. Evidence of Evolution 1. Fossil Record E. Record is incomplete F. Fossils are rare, remains must immediately be buried by sediment G. Fossils commonly found near water, volcanoes H. Few fossils in forests, mountains, grasslands or deserts Evolution

30. Evidence of Evolution 1. Fossil Record I. Paleontologists study fossils, sequencing them in age, by dating the rocks Evolution

32. Evidence of Evolution 2. Anatomy and Development A. Vestigial structures- evidence of an organism’s evolutionary past Ex: Whale’s hind limbs Evolution

33. Evidence of Evolution 2. Anatomy and Development B. Homologous Structures- similarities in structures suggests common ancestry Ex: Forelimb bones between many species Evolution

36. Evidence of Evolution 2. Anatomy and Development C. Embryology- vertebrate embryos possess structural similarities Tail Buds that develop into limbs Gill like pouches (pharyngeal pouches) Evolution

38. Evidence of Evolution 3. Biological Molecules Proteins- closely related species have fewer differences in amino acid sequences Evolution

40. Assessment Two • Relate how the fossil record provides evidence that evolution has occurred • State how comparing the amino acid sequence of a protein can provide evidence that evolution has taken place • Describe how comparing the anatomy of living species provides evidence of evolution

41. Key factors in natural selection 1. All populations have genetic variation (slight differences) Evolution

42. Key factors in natural selection 2. Environment presents challenges to successful reproduction Dictates direction and amount of change Determines whether one trait or another is more advantageous Evolution

43. Key factors in natural selection 3. Individuals overproduce offspring (more than environment can handle) to ensure the survival of some Evolution

45. Key factors in natural selection 4. Individuals better able to cope with environment leave more offspring Evolution

46. Examples of natural selection: Antibiotic Resistance Tuberculosis could be treated by antibiotics isoniazid and rifampin Rifampin-resistant strain of bacteria evolved through mutation rendering the antibiotic useless against it Difference between 2 strains was one single nucleotide Antibiotic resistance- when antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, and resistant bacteria begin to reproduce rapidly Evolution

50. Examples of natural selection: Darwin’s Finches Collected 9 species of finches Differed only in bill shape/size Evolved from common ancestor Changes occurred as different populations adapted to different food sources Dry season- bird with massive beaks better at feeding (could crack open larger, dryer seeds), and thus, produced more offspring Wet season- all birds equally successful Evolution