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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. Drew Keth and Christoph Zimmerman. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire. Social and Political Reforms Reform Act of 1832 Before this the public office was restricted to mostly wealthy men demands for reform became strong

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Drew Keth and Christoph Zimmerman

  2. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire Social and Political Reforms • Reform Act of 1832 • Before this the public office was restricted to mostly wealthy men • demands for reform became strong • liberals wanted to change old aristocratic and conservative order • common people wanted to participate more in political affairs • This Act gave representation to industrial cities in Parliament • Gave a vote to middle class men • Only men with certain amount of property could vote which prevented many middle class people from voting • Sadler and the Factory Act • Michael Sadler - member of Parliament who went to investigate treatment of children in factory • He found that children endured physical mistreatment, long hours sometimes up to 13 hours, and low wages • The Factory Act was passed in 1833 • This act limited working hours of children, made it illegal for teenagers to work more than 12 hours, and stated that children between the ages of 9 and 13 had to receive at least 2 hours of schooling

  3. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire • Other Reforms • 1833 Parliament abolished slavery in Great Britain and all of British Empire - Slavery Abolish Act • This act however stated that slave owners would be compensated for freeing slaves. Not all slaves were completely free • Laws were also passed for public health and lowing crime to improve conditions in industrial cities • Chartism • 1839 many people could not vote • Group called Chartists worked for universal manhood suffrage - voting rights for men • Got name from People’s Charter which was a petition sent to Parliament in 1839 • This group wanted voting rights for all men, vote by secret ballot, annual elections, and pay for representatives in Parliament • People’s charter was rejected causing much support and uprising • A large uprising in 1848 had several million supporters • By end of 1800s many of the reforms in in the People’s Charter had been passed

  4. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire Victorian Era Voting Reforms • 1837 Queen Victoria became ruler of Great Britain, lasted 1837-1901 • This Era was called Victorian Era • Disraeli and Gladstone • Prime Ministers • Disraeli - Conservative Party, wanted to preserve traditions of the past • Gladstone - Liberal Party, progressive approach to solving society’s problems • Voting Rights for Men • Disraeli made a bill passed in 1867 which extended voting rights of working men • Law created secret balloting • 1885 Gladstone passed a bill that farther extended voting • Women’s Suffrage • Disraeli and other members of Parliament attempted to add women’s suffrage to the 1867 reform bill but this did not work • Emmeline Pankhurst, founder of Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) and her followers tried to make more noise and became more destructive but many got arrested • 1918 Parliament gave right to vote to women over the age of 30 • 1928 women got same amount of voting rights as men

  5. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire Changes in British Empire • Ireland • Controlled by Britain • 1960’s many Irish began to fight for independence from Great Britain • Many violent protests were performed during this time • Ireland did not receive limited self-government until 1920 • Canada • Rebellions in 1837 caused reforms in Canadian colonies • 1867 Parliament united several colonies and allowed them to govern themselves • Australia and New Zealand • 1901 British granted self rule to Australia • New Zealand became dominion of Great Britain • first country to allow women to vote

  6. 23.2 Revolution and Change in France Revolution of 1830 • King Abdicates • Charles X became king after Louis XVIII • tried to rule as Absolute monarch and suspended legislature • This caused an uprising called Revolution of 1830 • A few days later the citizens controlled Paris and Charles left the throne and fled to England • Metternich was very angry about this • Reign of Louis Philippe • Since Charles had left liberal leaders created constitutional monarchy • Louis Philippe was leader • aristocrat • popular in middle class • Called “citizen king” because he dressed like a citizen not like a king • Ruled more like a king later in career • became more repressive • silenced people who opposed him • During reign poor became poorer, middle class prospered • economic depression in 1846 lead to revolution

  7. 23.2 Revolution and Change in France Birth of a Republic • Revolution of 1848 • French government banned banquet for reformers and angry citizens took to the streets • Louis Philippe abdicated • French citizens formed a republic government lead by a president they elected • Louis Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) was elected as president • following era became known as Second Republic • Revolution effects • all adult French men had right to vote and never lost it again • created support for republican gov’t • fueled women’s rights movement • inspired other revolutions across Europe • Napoleon III and the Second Empire • French Constitution only allowed president to serve for 4 years • Louis Napoleon wanted to stay so he arrested the opposition in National Assembly and called for a vote which allowed him to change the constitution • In a vote the next year he became emperor Napoleon III - Era known as Second Empire • Time of economic prosperity

  8. 23.2 Revolution and Change in France • Third Republic • 1870 war began between France and Prussia • Called Franco-Prussian War • Napoleon III was captured and surrendered to the Prussians • French Assembly took Napoleon out of office and began the Third Republic • Many reforms • 1882 education available for children ages 6-13 • 1884 trade unions legalized • 1900 working hours reduced • 1906 required to give workers one day off every week Dreyfus Affair • A controversial court case about the anti-Semitism in France • 1894 Alfred Dreyfus (Jewish captain in French army) was falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany • Dreyfus was stripped of his military status and found guilty • A few years later the real story came out but he was not cleared until 1906 • This divided the people of France • 1898 French writer, Émile Zola published a letter accusing French government of anti-Semitism • This started many riots and Zola was found guilty of libel- publishing false information • Theodor Herzl, a Jewish jounalist who covered the trial helped bring more support to Zionism which is a Jewish nationalist movement to re-create a Jewish state in its original homeland • Many Jews began returning to ancient homeland of Judaism

  9. 23.3 Independence in Latin America Early Struggles in Latin America • Haiti Becomes Independent • The first Latin American territory to break its ties with Europe was Saint Domingue • French Revolution had a dramatic impact on Saint Domingue • Tensions rose and Toussaint L’Ouverture led a bloody revolt against French settlers • Napoleon sent a French general to take control • In 1804 Saint Domingue declared their independence and created Haiti • Colonies of Spain and Portugal • Tensions grew between creoles and peninsulares • Creoles - people of European descent but born in the colonies • Peninsulares - people born in Spain • Invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened them

  10. 23.3 Independence in Latin America Independence in Mexico • Father Hidalgo • In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo made the first public call for Mexican independence • Hidalgo became a leader of the creoles • He called upon peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain • Spain noticed he was behind the revolution • He was captured and executed • Known as the Father of Mexican Independence • Morelos Continues the Revolution • Jose Maria Morelos then became the leader of the revolutionary movement • He organized Mexican congress with representatives from many places in Mexico • Morelos wanted everyone born in Mexico to be called Americans • Eventually he too was captured and executed

  11. 23.3 Independence in Latin America • A Creole King for Mexico • One royalists was Agustin de Iturbide • Spanish authorities believed he could the Mexican independence movement • He made a three part agreement for the revolutionaries • 1. Mexico would gain independence, but would be ruled by a monarch • 2. Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights • 3. The Roman Catholic Church would be the official church of Mexico • They accepted the compromise • Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821

  12. 23.3 Independence in Latin America Revolutionary Leaders in South America • Simon Bolivar • Most influential leader in South American independence • Known as “the Liberator” • In 1811 Venezuela declared independence from Spain • Bolivar led a series of military campaigns against the Spanish • In 1821, Bolivar defeated the Spanish in northern South America • Jose de San Martin • Fought for independence in the South of South America • In 1816 he went to Chile • There he helped lead troops over a 15,000-foot summit to surprise the Spanish troops and win independence for Chile • Pedro I • Pedro I was the son of John VI, the king of Portugal • John VI left Pedro in charge of Brazil • After San Martin and Bolivar, Brazil wanted independence • Pedro declared Brazil independent and was crowned Emperor

  13. 23.4 Expansion and War in the US Growth of the United States • Louisiana Purchase - Agreement with France that gave the United States a huge territory in central North America • A Young Nation • Britain was helping the Native Americans fight the American settlers in the Northwest • GB and the US went to war in 1812 • No territory changed hands • Americans felt they had proved themselves as an independent country • President Monroe made the Monroe Doctrine - declared Americas off limits from further European colonization • Texas and Mexico • When Mexico gained independence, strict laws were on settlers • Eventually, these settlers gained independence and made the Republic of Texas • in 1845 the United States admitted Texas as a state • Mexicans claimed it was a part of Mexico • This led to the Mexican-American War in 1846 • The US won and gained Texas

  14. 23.4 Expansion and War in the US • The Move West • The rapid expansion led some Americans to believe they had a God-given right to settle all the way to the Pacific Ocean called manifest destiny • In 1848, gold was discovered in California, which led to massive immigration • In addition, a national law promised 160 acres of free land to anyone who made the trip west • Effects on Native Americans • There was constant conflict between the settlers and the Native Americans • In 1830 the Indian Removal Act called to relocate five Indian nations to Indian territory in the Great Plains • The Cherokee march to the Indian Territory was known as the Trail of Tears, as it is estimated that a quarter of those who made the journey died

  15. 23.4 Expansion and War in the US The Civil War • Many people wanted slaves while many others wanted abolition, or the end of slavery • The Road to War • Many agreements preserved the balance between free states and slave states • The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created Kansas and Nebraska • The decision for slavery was left to the residents • This set off a bitter debate, which rose tensions • Eventually, South Carolina seceded from the Union • Other states soon followed • War Begins • Abraham Lincoln didn’t think the Constitution gave the states the right to secede • In April of 1861, he made an order to bring supplies to Fort Sumter in South Carolina • There the first shots were fired • The war continued for four years and more than 500,000 soldiers died

  16. 23.4 Expansion and War in the US • The Emancipation Proclamation • With the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln declared all slaves free in some parts of the Confederate states • Many slaves fled to the North, which hurt the Southern Economy • This gave more purpose to the Union soldiers • The Union Prevails • Later in 1863, the Union won a turning point battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • They believed they could actually win • Later that year, Lincoln delivered a famous speech at a cemetery dedicated to the soldiers • The Union slowed gained the advantage until in 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered • Effects of the Civil War • After the war much of the south was in ruins • Southerners wondered how the government would treat them • Reconstruction began and many amendments and laws were passed during this time • Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all freed African Americans • Fifteenth Amendment stated that voting rights could not be denied based on race • Reconstruction didn’t fully achieve equal rights for former slaves • Reconstruction provided a foundation for later civil rights movement in the 1900’s

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