Human Resource Management TENTH EDITON

1. Human ResourceManagement TENTH EDITON Training Human Resources

2. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–2 Learning Objectives After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: Define training and discuss why a strategic approach is important. Discuss the four phases of the training process. Identify three types of analyses used to determine training needs. Describe internal, external, and e-learning as training delivery approaches. Give an example for each of the four levels of training evaluation.

3. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–3 The Nature of Training Training A process whereby people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of organizational goals. Employers spend $60 billion on training annually. The Context of Training Organization Competitiveness and Training Training make organizations more competitive Training helps retain valuable employees Training is no longer the first casualty of a business downturn.

4. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–4 The Context of Training Organization Competitiveness and Training Training makes organizations more competitive Training helps retain valuable employees Training is no longer the first casualty of a business downturn. Training as a Revenue Source Marketing training with or alongside products can contribute significantly to a firm’s revenues.

5. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–5 The Context of Training (cont’d) Integration of Job Performance, Training, and Learning Training is moving “closer to the job” to achieve “real time” learning. Training is using more real-world problems to increase employee learning.

6. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–6 Performance Consulting

7. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–7 Typical Division of HR Responsibilities: Training

8. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–8 Linking Business and Training Strategies

9. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–9 Basic Business Strategy Concepts Low-cost leader Attempting to increase market share by focusing on the low cost of the firm’s products or services, compared to competitors. Differentiation Trying to make the firm’s products or services competitively different from others in the industry in terms of quality, service, technology, or perceived distinctiveness.

10. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–10 Training Process

11. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–11 Sources of Training Needs Assessment

12. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–12 Establishing Training Objectives Gap Analysis The distance between where an organization is with its employee capabilities and where it needs to be. Types of Training Objectives Knowledge: Impart cognitive information and details to trainees. Skill: Develop behavior changes in how job and tasks are performed. Attitude: Create interest and awareness of the training importance.

13. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–13 Elements of Training Design

14. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–14 Learning: The Focus of Training Learner Readiness Ability to learn Learners must possess basic skills (3Rs) Motivation to learn Learners must desire and value training Self-efficacy Learners must believe that they can successfully learn the training content

15. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–15 Learning Styles

16. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–16 Learning Practices Active Practice The performance of job-related tasks and duties by trainees during training Spaced Practice Several practice sessions spaced over a period of hours or days Massed practice Performance of all the practice at once.

17. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–17 Learning: Behaviors Behavior Modeling Copying someone else’s behavior by observing how another person deals with a problem. Reinforcement Law of effect states that people tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded and avoid behaviors that are punished. Immediate Confirmation Reinforcement and feedback are most effective when given as soon as possible after training.

18. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–18 Learning: Types of Training

19. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–19 Course Types and Training Expenditures

20. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–20 Orientation: Training for New Employees

21. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–21 Effective New Employee Orientation

22. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–22 Training Delivery: Considerations Nature of training Subject matter Number of trainees Individual vs. team Self-paced vs. guided Training resources Costs Geographic locations Time allotted Completion timeline

23. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–23 Internal Training Informal Training Training that occurs through interactions and feedback among employees. On-the-Job Training (OJT) Problems with OJT Poorly-qualified or indifferent trainers Disruption of regular work Bad or incorrect habits are passed on

24. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–24 Stages of On-the-Job Training

25. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–25 External Training Reasons for External Training May be less expensive to outsource training Insufficient time to develop training Lack of expertise Advantages of interacting with outsiders E-Learning: Training Online

26. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–26 External Training: E-Learning E-Learning: Training Online The using the Internet or an organizational intranet to conduct training online. Criteria for adopting e-learning: Sufficient top management support and funding Accepting the idea of decentralized and individualized training Current training methods not meeting needs Computer literacy and access to computers Time and travel cost concerns for trainees The number and self-motivation of trainees

27. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–27 Developing E-Learning

28. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–28 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning

29. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–29 Training Methods

30. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–30 Levels of Training Evaluation

31. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–31 Balancing Costs and Benefits of Training

32. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–32 Training Evaluation (cont’d) Cost-Benefit Analyses Comparison of costs and benefits associated with training Return on Investment Benchmarking Training

33. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved. 9–33 Evaluation Designs