Writing the Background, Conclusion and Implications Sections

1. Writing the Background, Conclusion and Implications Sections

2. Review: The structure of your ARP • Introduction • Background (optional) • Arguments (Pro-A’s, Counter-A’s + Refutations) • Implications • Conclusion

3. Background • Optional • Include a Background section if: • You need to give a lengthy (more than 2 paragraphs) extended definition of your topic and its related terms • Placement: between the TS and the arguments

4. Conclusion

5. Conclusion Summarize the main points of your paper: an informative précis, not an indicative one

6. Indicative vs. informative precis INDICATIVE This paper has investigated the question of whether or not Facebook use leads to depression. It has surveyed the most recent research on the topic and presented evidence on both the affirmative and negative positions. Implications have been presented. INFORMATIVE This paper has investigated the question of whether or not Facebook use leads to depression. A survey of the most recent research on the topic shows that [present your findings]. The implications of these findings are [present the implications].

7. Writing conventions

8. Review the following: • What tense is used for reporting verbs (see samples 1 & 2)? • How long is should the conclusion be? (See sample 2 as your guide f0r this.) • What linguistic signals (phrases/words) tell the reader that the writer is about to end?

9. On Sample 2: Adjustments • Pronoun P.O.V. = our convention: third person

10. Writing the Implications Section

11. Look for: • Linguistic signals for presenting implications • Needed content

12. Definition • the “logical consequences” of a particular statement; something that is true as a result of another true assertion • Drawing the implications also means explaining the value or significance of a statement, usually in connection to society, or certain sectors of it

13. In other words: • the “logical consequences” of a particular statement; something that is true as a result of another true assertion. • the “logical consequences” of YOUR RESEARCH; something that is true as a result of WHAT YOU HAVE PROVEN TO BE TRUE.

14. Recall: Think-aloud script • Which sectors are affected (implicated sectors) by the statement? • How are they affected: • What will happen to them? OR • What should they do?

15. Practice Suppose the following are your MAJOR (not incidental or minor) findings. Draw possible implications.

16. Facebook use, according to research, leads to depression among teenagers. This is because of their tendency to compare themselves with others. • Implicated sector: • Action or consequence:

17. Music therapy, though marginalized in the field of mainstream therapeutic techniques, has been proven effective. • Implicated sector: • Action or consequence:

18. General areas for implications • Research implications – areas on which research has not yet been done • Pedagogical implications – consequences or actions to take in relation to teaching and education • Policy implications – laws that should be enacted as a result of your findings

19. Research Implications In terms of possible areas for future research, more studies should be conducted on the interpersonal function (or meaning) of language. Specific topics include manifestations of this meaning in written texts, such as evaluation, stance, commitment, detachment, and attitude to the speaker’s proposition and to readers, and how these are realized linguistically. What do the underlined show?

20. Research implications: Questions to answer • What questions should you ask yourself in order to draw out ideas similar to the ones in the sample? WRONG:Other researchers should write a paper on this topic using more sources, as this paper includes only ten.

21. Pedagogical Implications • Lastly, corollary to the first implication, teaching interpersonal meaning and how it is coded linguistically in written texts may inform our teaching. Not only should we focus on coherence, cohesion, and organization. . .we should also pay attention to interpersonal, attitudinal or orientational meanings. . . . What do the underlined show?

22. Pedagogical implications: Questions to answer • What questions should you ask yourself in order to draw out ideas similar to the sample?

23. Policy Implications • There is an urgent need for decentralized and differentiated policies and procedures simply because what works for one will not work for another. On the question of language instruction, for example, the bilingual policy must be adopted using a differentiated scheme. . . .

24. Policy Implications • There is an urgent need for decentralized and differentiated policies and procedures simply because what works for one will not work for another. On the question of language instruction, for example, the bilingual policy must be adopted using a differentiated scheme. . . . • What do the underlined show?

25. Pedagogical implications: Questions to answer • What questions should you ask yourself in order to draw out ideas similar to the sample?

26. Guide for the implications • REQUIRED: Implications related to two areas • Some useful phrases: • This research/ The findings has implications for ______ • This research/ The findings suggests ________ • This research/ The findings points to the need for X

27. The significance of research Fuels research (knowledge = more knowledge) Informs policy (knowledge = good laws) Stimulates education (knowledge = good teaching)

28. Progress check • Intro • Body (half) • Body remaining half • Implications • Conclusion