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Respiratory tract infectious

Explore the causes, symptoms, and treatments for common respiratory tract infections like bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia. Learn about viral and bacterial etiologies, and find out how to manage conditions like laryngitis and sinusitis.

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Respiratory tract infectious

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  1. Respiratory tract infectious Katarzyna Stankiewicz-Sojka

  2. Respiratory tract infectious UpperLower common cold-coryza Bronchitis pharyngitis Bronchiolatis laryngitis Pneumonia acute otitis media acute sinusitis

  3. Upper respiratory tract infection • Etiology: Viruses: e.g rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, RSV, enteroviruses, EBV, Bacteria: e.g Streptococcus. Pnumococcus, Hemophilus influezna,moraxella catarrhalis Fungi: e.g Candida albicans,

  4. Common cold -coryza • Viral ethiology • Clear or mucopurulent nasal discharge or nasal blockage • fever may occur • Other symptoms : tiredness , headache, • Treatment : paracetamol, ibupropfen,

  5. Pharyngitis Symtoms: Throat pain, Fever Physical exam: Inflammed,red pharynx , lymph nodes can be enlarged Etiology: 2/3 viral, 1/3 bacterial

  6. Viral Bacterial

  7. Viral

  8. Bacterial

  9. Tonsilitis • Fever • red and/or swollen tonsils • white or yellow patches on the tonsils • tender, stiff, and/or swollen neck(swollen lymph nodes) • painful or difficult swallowing • Sore throat • Abdominal pain , vomiting • Antibiotic should be given (penicillin, macrolid)

  10. Tonsilitis

  11. Mononucleosis(glandular fever) • fever • tonsilitis (sometimes causing airway narrowing) • prominent lymphadenopathy (Neron’s neck) • hepatosplemomegaly • a maculopapullar rash • no positive reaction to antibiotic • most commonly contracted by adolescents and young adults ages • Etiology: mostly EBV

  12. Mononucleosis

  13. Scarlet fever • acute, bacterial, rash disease of childhood • caused by β hemolytic streptoccoccus, group B • incubation period 1-7 days ( average-3 days) acute onset, fever,vomiting, abdominal pain, • pharyngitis , tonsilitis • rash appears on 1 or 2 day- macular ,punctate intensively red • characteristic location on face- paleness around mouth, spreading downwords

  14. Scarlet fever • characteristic tongue ( white strawberry tongue→ red strawberry tongue • haemorrhagic lesions in articular fossae ( Pastia lines) • Desquamation begins after a week from face to limbs

  15. Acute infection of the middle ear • fever , pain in ear, irritation, loss of appetite • examination of tympanic membrane: loss of normal light reflection, bulging, red membrane

  16. acute infection of the middle ear Complications: • mastoiditis • meningitis Reccurent ear infection may cause chronic secretory otitis media( glue ear), leading to hearing loss

  17. Sinusitis • Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses Most cases are due to a viral infection • Pain, swelling, tendreness over a cheek, nasal blockage, headache • Treatment: antibiotics, histamine blockers, decongestants,

  18. Laryngitis • Symptoms • Hoarseness or no voice at all • Dry, sore burning, throat • Coughing, barking cough • stridor • Difficulty swallowing • Sensation of swelling in the area of the larynx • Cold or flu-like symptoms • Swollen lymph nodes • Fever • Difficulty breathing (mostly in children) • Difficulty eating • Increased production of saliva in mouth

  19. Comparison of clinical features of subglottic laryngitis and epiglottitis

  20. Treatment of suglottic laryngitis Nebulised steroids and 0,9 % NaClsaline Systemic steroids Oxygen therapy Usually no antibiotics are needed Etiology: mostly viral or allergens

  21. Epiglottic laryngitis Etiology: Haemophilus influenzae HIB, rare after HIB vaccinations Treatment of epiglottitis • In intensive care unit • Intubation • Antibiotic (cephalosporin II, III generation)

  22. LTRI • Bronchitis (acute, obturative) • Bronchiolitis • Pneumonia

  23. Bronchitis • Bronchitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi • Etiology: • Viruses ( Parainfluenzae, Adenovirus, RS-virus, Rhinovirus) • Bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) • Atopy

  24. Symtoms of bronchitis • non-productive cough • productive cough • dyspnoe (due to obturation) • fever • vomiting • wheezing • dry rale • coarse rattling

  25. Treatment mucolitycs (eg cysteine derivates, Ambroksol) bronchodilating drugs- Beta Agonist, Ipratropii bromidum Steroids Antibiotics- mainly used in newborns and small chlildren when bacterial infection is suspected (eg Amoxicilline, Cephalosporin antibiotics I, II generation- Cefalotin, Cefuroxim)

  26. Broncholitis Etiology: • viruses (RS virus, Parainfluenzae, Influenzae, Adenovirus) One of the most danger LRTI due to lifethreatening respiratory insufficiency

  27. Bronchiolitis • Typical childhood infection • Most often in infancy • Cough,expiratory dyspnoe, fever • Involvment of bronchioli • Respiratory insufficinecy • Wheezing , crackles

  28. Bronchiolatis • Oxygen therapy, • Bronchodilators- Berodual, Ventolin, Atrovent • Steroids-nebulized and/or systemic • Nebulized epinephrine • Nebulized hypertonic saline (3%)

  29. dyspnoe • Sternal, subcostal and intercostal recession • Nasal flaring • Hyperinflation of chest (sternum prominent, liver displaced downward) • Dyscoordination of chest and abdomen movment

  30. Pneumonia • Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs. It is a serious infection in which air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid. • Pneumonia may be lobar or bronchial • Pneumonia is most common in winter and spring. • About 10 to 15 percent of children with a respiratory infection have pneumonia.

  31. Pneumonia • The pathogens causing pneumonia vary according to the child's age: • Newborn - organisms from the mother's genital tract, particularly group B streptococcus, but also Gram-negative enterococci

  32. Pneumonia • Infants and young children -mostly respiratory viruses, particularly RSV, are most common, but olso bacterial infections include Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. Bordetella pertussis and Chlamydia trachomatis can also cause pneumonia at this age. An infrequent but serious cause is Staphylococcus aureus • Children over 5 years - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are the main causes. • At all ages Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be considered

  33. Pneumonia-symptoms: • fever and cough are the first to develop • persistent cough that may last three to four weeks • severe cough that may produce some mucus • chest or stomach pain • decrease in appetite • chills • breathing fast or hard • vomiting • headache • not feeling well

  34. Pneumonia • tachypnoea, • nasal flaring • chest indrawing • crackles over the affected area • dullness on percussion, • decreased breath sounds • bronchial breathing

  35. Pneumonia-diagnosis • chest x ray- segmental involvement,diffuse peribronchiolar densities,effusion • blood tests- e.g. blood cell count, CRP, • sputum culture • pulse oximetry

  36. Treatment • antibiotics • Increased fluid intake • oxygen therapy • frequent suctioning of your child's nose and mouth (to help get rid of thick secretions) • medication for cough • sometimes bronchdilators

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