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EDUCATION ISSUES IN ECUADOR. PCMI-2004. Luis Hernández lhernandez@mail.cmsfq.edu.ec. ECUADOR The Middle of the World. ECUADOR The Middle of the World. Area: 283,560 sq km (110,760 sq miles. S lightly smaller than Nevada) Capital: Quito (9,350 ft) Population: 13,212,742
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EDUCATION ISSUESIN ECUADOR PCMI-2004 Luis Hernándezlhernandez@mail.cmsfq.edu.ec
Area: 283,560 sq km (110,760 sq miles. Slightly smaller than Nevada) Capital: Quito (9,350 ft) Population: 13,212,742 Population below poverty line: 65% (2003 est.) Religions: Roman Catholic 95% Languages: Spanish (official), Amerindian languages Currency: US dollar (USD) ECUADOR - Statistics
ECUADOR - A country of diversity 15,000 ft 12,500 ft 9,900 ft 7,200 ft 4,600 ft 2,600 ft 1,300 ft
Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m • Highest point: Chimborazo 6,310 m (20,697 ft) • Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower • Land use: arable land: 5.69%, permanent crops: 5.15%, other: 89.16% • Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts • Geography - note: Cotopaxi (19,550 ft) is the highest active volcano in the world. • Ethnic groups: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3% • Indigenous groups: over 40 indigenous nations including the Quichua, Huaorani, Shuar (Jivaro), Achuar, Cofan, Siona, Secoya, Otavaleño, Tchatchilas (Colorados), Zaparo, Salasacas, Canaris, Saraguro & Chachi ECUADOR - A country of diversity
Ecuador boasts one of the highest levels of bio-diversity in the world: • 1/3 of all the bird species in the entire Amazon region live In the Ecuadorian Amazon (2% of the whole basin), and 10% of all the tree species on • earth are found here. • One hectare of lowland rainforest can contain as many frog species as all • of North America; one tree can contain more ant species than all of the • British Isles combined; and of the world's known bird species (about • 9,000), pint-sized Ecuador is home to over 1,500. • Ecuador also has one of the greatest levels of endemism anywhere in the world: • mammals: 302 plants: 18,250 • birds: 1,559 reptiles: 374 • amphibians: 402 freshwater fish: 706 ECUADOR - A country of diversity
A MALE FRAGATA PAPAGAYO
OSO DE ANTEOJOS CONDOR
TREE TOMATO GRANADILLAS
GENERAL CONCERNS IN EDUCATION • National Education Budget: • Constitution: 30% of the General State Budget. • Actual: 13%. • Political Instability: 19 Education Ministers in the last 24 years. • Education is controlled by a political party (MPD). • Very low salaries: • average in 2002 was $250/month (including all the benefits) • 20 different categories: starting at $50 and up to $245. • 10% increase between categories • Multiple jobs, schools abandonment and immigration. • No follow-up, or evaluation of teacher’s performances. • No Integration between University Research and other Education levels • Very little information and research in Education Field.
Very weak Professional Development Programs • No access to Concrete Material • No access to Technology • Two school systems • Coast & Galapagos: April-December • Sierra & Oriente: September-June (October-July) • Many different types of schools: • Public schools (national & municipal) • Private schools (religious, non-religious, only girls/boys, technical, vocational, foreign) • National curriculum
SCHOOL TEACHER’S EDUCATION • ECH – ES – MS Teacher’s requirements: • High School Degree • + 6 semesters courses: • 800 hours per semester • 120 hours of Mathematics Didactics (3.75%) • First two semesters: Basic Professional Education • Semesters 3, 4, 5: Specific Professional Education • Semester 6: Practice
HIGH SCH00L TEACHER’S EDUCATION • High School Teachers requirements (Bachelor Degree): • High School Degree • + 4 University years (690 h/year) • Psycho-Pedagogy Area: 880 hours (31.9%) • Socio-Education Area: 160 hours (5.8%) • Mathematics Education: 895 hours (32.4% ) • Trigonometry: 52 hours (1.9%) • Geometry: 52 hours (1.9%) • Basic Mathematics: 104 hours (3.8%) • Algebra: 257 hours (9.3%) • Calculus: 331 hours (12%) • Analytical Geometry: 96 hours (3.5%) • Physics and Chemistry: 635 hours (23%) • Computers Area: 140 hours (5.1%) • Teaching Practice: 50 hours (1.8%)
EDUCATION IN ECUADOR • 2 out of every 10 children do not attend school. • 9% of the population over 15 years is illiterate. • 1 out of every 3 children do not complete the 6 years of elementary education. • 9 out of every 10 children in the rural area do not attend middle school. • 1 out of every 10 children repeat first grade. • 64% of the population completes elementary school and 29% completes high school. • 2 out of every 10 public schools do not have electricity or water. • 4 out of every 10 public schools do not have access to telephone or fax.
PCMI International Seminar “Math Education around the world: Bridging Policy and Practice” • 5 days • Diversity:8 countries (N. Zealand, Japan, Iran, Rumania, N. Ireland, Cameroon, USA, Ecuador) • Sharing information: curriculum, teachers’ education, policies & practice • Discussions: similarities, differences, challenges • Informal interaction with other programs’ participants (HST, mathematicians & math educators) • Sponsors • Gail Burril and Joan Ferrini-Mundy
ICME-10 “SHARING EXPERIENCES GROUP” • Who is in charge of the curriculum in your country and important implications • What shifts are taking place in how teaching and learning math is perceived and enacted • Who is responsible for these shifts
HIGHLIGHTS • Technology and resources • Organization • Working groups • Cross-program activities • Night activities
CONCLUSIONS • Math education around the world • Similarities and differences • Ideas for practice • Concerns and commitment • Sharing