History 11

1. History 11 WWI

3. Imperialism • According to the dictionary: The creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.

4. Alliances • 1879 The Dual alliance: Germany and Austria-Hungary • 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance: Austria-Hungary makes an alliance with Serbia • 1882 The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria-Hungary make an alliance with Italy • 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance Russia & France • 1904 Entente Cordiale Agreement France & Britain

5. Alliances • 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente Britain and Russia ended the differences with this agreement • 1907 Triple Entente alliance between Britain, France, and Russia.

6. Great Powers • A great power is a nation or state that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength and diplomatic and cultural influence which may cause small powers to consider the opinions of great powers before taking actions of their own.

7. Allies VS Central Powers • The Allies were based on the Triple Entente. • The UK, France and Russia. • Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war)They fought with the Allies.

9. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand28th June 1914 • Franz Ferdinand, aged 51, was heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was married to Sophie Chotek von Chotvoka and had three children. Franz Ferdinand was, however, very unpopular because he had made it clear that once he became Emperor he would make changes.

10. Franz • Franz Ferdinand decided to visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovnia, to make an inspection of the Austro-Hungarian troops there. The inspection was scheduled for 28th June 1914. It was planned that Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie would be met at the station and taken by car to the City Hall where they would have lunch before going to inspect the troops.

11. Franz • A Serbian terrorist group, called The Black Hand, had decided that the Archduke should be assassinated and the planned visit provided the ideal opportunity. Seven young men who had been trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship were stationed along the route that Franz Ferdinand's car would follow from the City Hall to the inspection.

12. Franz • The first two terrorists were unable to throw their grenades because the streets were too crowded and the car was travelling quite fast. The third terrorist, a young man called Cabrinovic, threw a grenade which exploded under the car following that of the Archduke. Although the Archduke and his wife were unhurt, some of his attendants were injured and had to be taken to the hospital.

13. Franz • After lunch at the City Hall, Franz Ferdinand insisted on visiting the injured attendants in hospital. However, on the way to the hospital the driver took a wrong turn. Realising his mistake he stopped the car and began to reverse. Another terrorist, named GavriloPrincip, stepped forward and fired two shots. The first hit the pregnant Sophia in the stomach, she died almost instantly. The second shot hit the Archduke in the neck. He died a short while later.

14. Franz • GavriloPrincip was not executed because he was under 20 years, but was sentenced to twenty years in prison. He died of TB in 1918. • But it cause big backlash = WWI

15. Theaters of War • Theatres of War: • Although World War One was a world war, most of the fighting was confined to a few key areas. These areas are usually referred to as the theatres of war.

17. Theaters of war • Western Front • Eastern Front • Italian Front • Gallipoli • War at Sea

18. Western Front • The German army crossed the Belgian border on August 3rd 1914. Britain and France declared war on Germany on August 4th. The Germans pushed through Belgium and entered France.  • The British and French armies marched to stop the German advance. The Battle of Marne 4th - 10th September stopped the Germans from marching on Paris. • To avoid losing the territory already gained in France, the Germans began digging trenches. The British and French, unable to break through the line of trenches, began to dig their own trenches. Throughout the entire war, neither side gained more than a few miles of ground along what became known as the western Front.

19. Trench Warfare

21. Trench Warfare • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9iR0xJW-Fk

22. Trench Warfare • Symbol of the futility of war • Several Truces • Christmas • Symbol of WWI

23. Quiz • Who were the Allies in WWI? What Countries? • Who were the Central Powers in WWI? What countries? • What created the atmosphere for WWI? • Name 3 theaters of war? • Why were trenches not dug in a straight line?

24. Trench Warfare Disease • Causes of Disease: The trenches were regularly flooded, while soldiers would try to sleep in such inhospitable conditions. Corpses of colleagues once living, scattered around the trench, would pass on diseases as well as bring parasites such as lice, maggots, fleas etc... Blood lay all around, another possible way to catch disease, while fires occasionally ripped through the trenches burning the remaining belongings of the soldiers along with the men themselves. With the lack of hygiene and the piles of filth and bodily waste the soldiers and trench smelt terrible.

25. Diseases • *fungal infections ("trench foot" where feet could fall off) • *warts and blisters (commonly on feet) • *typhoid (through dirty water) • *flu/cold (common but deadly in such conditions) • *hypothermia (through cold wind and snow) • Themselves, many of these diseases could be cured by drugs but due to the lack of drugs in the trenches they became deadly.

26. Trench Foot

27. Eastern Front • The line of fighting on the Eastern side of Europe between Russia and Germany and Austria-Hungary is known as the Eastern Front. Fighting began on the Eastern front when Russia invaded East Prussia on 17th August 1914. Germany immediately launched a counter-offensive and pushed Russia back.

28. Eastern Front • This pattern of attack and counter-attack continued for the first two years of the war and meant that the Eastern Front changed position as land was captured and lost by both sides. • By 1917, the Russian people were fed up with the huge number of Russian losses. The government and monarchy were overthrown and the new Bolshevik government signed the treaty of Brest Litovsk which took the Russians out of the war.

30. Italian Front • Before the outbreak of war in August 1914, Italy had sided with Germany and Austria-Hungary. However, tempted by offers of more land once the war was won, Italy entered the war in April 1915 on the side of the allies. The Italian front is the name given to the fighting that took place along the border between Italy and Austria. The Italians only managed to advance a short way into Austria. Between 1915 and 1917 there were twelve battles fought along the river Isonzo. just inside the Austrian border. After being defeated at the battle of Caporetto the Italians were pushed back.

32. Gallipoli • The Gallipoli peninsula is located in the south of Turkey. In 1915, the allied commanders decided to try to attack Germany by attacking her ally, Turkey.  Allied soldiers, mainly from Australia and New Zealand, were sent to the Peninsula while British ships tried to force a way through the Dardanelles. The entire mission was a failure. The allies lost more than 50,000 men but gained hardly any land.

34. The War at Sea • Even before the war, Germany and Britain were involved in a naval race. Germany knew that she was unlikely to win a naval war against Britain and avoided naval conflict with Britain.  • Britain's main naval tactic was to keep German ships in German ports and to block supplies from reaching Germany. Germany's main naval tactic was to post u-boats (submarines) in the Atlantic ocean and to destroy ships taking supplies from America and other countries to Britain. 

36. America In WWI • The US wanted to keep out of European affairs. But we did try and help the Allies by giving them money and supplies. • In 1917 Germany started to sink any ships in the area. They sank a few merchant ships ignoring American neutrality. • Zimmerman telegraph encouraging Mexico to join the war and regain US lands.

37. Lusitania

38. US in WWI • Many people argue that the US did nothing to help with the war. • What did we do? We did provide thousands of fresh troops, ammunitions, and monetary aid. • By the time we got to the front the war was over. Yet we were there in the clean up.

39. Casualties • Britain :  750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 wounded
France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 wounded
Belgium : 50,000 soldiers killed
Italy : 600,000 soldiers killed
Russia : 1,700,000 soldiers killed
America : 116,000 soldiers killed

40. Casualties Central Powers • Germany : 2,000,000 soldiers killed
Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killed
Turkey : 325,000 soldiers killed
Bulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed

41. Treaty of Versailles • It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.

42. What happened to Germany? • The Treaty required Germany to do certain things: 1. Germany had to accept responsibility for causing the war. 2. Required them to disarm. No longer have a military. 3. Make substantial territorial concessions. 4. Pay heavy reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion) in 1921 which is roughly equivalent to US $442 billion

43. Quiz • What caused disease in trench warfare? • How did fighting start in the eastern front? • What was the name of the peninsula in Turkey? • What technology did Germany have that helped them at sea? • What treaty ended the war?

44. Map Project • You need to draw or trace 2 maps of Europe. • 1. The first map should represent what Europe looked like before WWI. What countries did it have? • 2. The second map should represent what Europe looked like after WWI? What new countries formed? • Requirements: You need to color and label each country on your map. Provide a Key.

45. After WWI • The armistice between the Allies and Germany was an agreement that ended the fighting in the First World War. • There were two treaties signed. The countries of Britain, The US, France, and Italy signed the Treaty of Versailles. • Russia and Germany signed the treaty of Breast-Litovsk.

46. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • In that treaty, Russia renounced all claims to Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and the territory of Poland and it was left to Germany and Austria-Hungary. • Later on, after the war Lenin's government renounced the Partition of Poland treaty, making it possible for Poland to claim its 1772 borders. However, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was rendered obsolete when Germany was defeated later in 1918, leaving the status of much of eastern Europe in an uncertain position.

47. The Costs of War • fifteen new nations/mandates formed before 1921 Finland Czechoslovakia Estonia Austria Latvia Hungary Lithuania Yugoslavia East Prussia Syria Poland Iraq Lebanon Palestine Transjordan

48. Several New Countries • The dissolution of the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires created a large number of new small states in eastern Europe. • Internally these new states tended to have substantial ethnic minorities, which wished to unite with neighboring states where their ethnicity dominated. • One consequence of the massive redrawing of borders and the political changes in the aftermath of World War I was the large number of European refugees.

49. New Countries • Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia gained relatively permanent independence from Russia. • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania all formed after the war. They were created from a combination of several different lands.