Michael Flynn, Lead Researcher, Global Detention Project

1. Michael Flynn, Lead Researcher, Global Detention Project Immigration Detention and the Aesthetics of Incarceration Oxford Immigration Detention Workshop, 21 May 2010  Global Detention Project 2010

2. What is the Global Detention Project? (www.globaldetentionproject.org) A research project on the role detention plays in states’ responses to global migration, with a focus on the policies and physical infrastructures of detention. Goals include: 1) to develop a measurable and regularly updated baseline for analyzing the growth and evolution of detention practices and policies; 2) to encourage scholarship in this often under-studied aspect of the immigration phenomenon; 3) to facilitate accountability and transparency in the treatment of detainees.

3. Global Dimensions(estimates & approximations) 80 countries:1,200 sites of detention, including 450 prisons (40%) and 450 immigration detention facilities (40%). United States:350 detention sites (only 27 of which are dedicated immigration detention facilities), total budgeted capacity of 33,000. EU 27: 250-350 detention sites, of which there are some 170 dedicated facilities with an est. physical capacity of 30,000. Total est. global immigration detention pop.: 100,000 (???)

4. Argument • Immigration detention is closely related to criminal incarceration. • States have responded to this association in schizophrenic fashion: 1. Broadcasting detention practices to deter undesirable aliens; 2. Providing, in official documents and policy settings, misleading characterizations of their practices, which disguise the penal aspects of detention. • The result: The phenomenon of immigration detention, when looked at globally, is extraordinarily difficult to characterize, a fact that has ramifications in efforts to protect the rights of detained persons and implement appropriate immigration policies. Illustrative cases: Turkey and the United States

5. What is migration-related detention? The deprivation of liberty of non-citizens because of their status. What is deprivation of liberty? Locking people up against their will. Who is a non-citizen? Migrants (regular and irregular), asylum seekers, refugees, victims of trafficking, stateless persons, people stripped of their citizenship. What are sites of deprivation of liberty? The question at the heart of this paper.

6. Problems with standard characterization What does it mean, “open” or “closed” detention “camp”? • What kind of “camp”? Refugee camp, concentration camp, summer camp? Generally, inappropriate and misleading to associate immigration detention with these, and broad use of the term “camp” to refer to all detention centers undermines the fact that there are some sites of detention, especially in the developing world, that do in fact reflect aspects of camps. • “Open”? Fails to capture complex nature of custody in many of the facilities often categorized in this way, particularly many “reception centers” for asylum seekers. • “Closed”? Fails to distinguish between the myriad types of detention facilities. Like the term “open,” fails to transmit the complex nature of custody in all detention centers.

7. Proposed typology scheme (coding the aesthetics of detention) • Facility type • Security level • Management • Custodial authority

8. Facility typology • Dedicated immigration detention centre(designed for the long-term, administrative detention of non-citizens) • Prison(penitentiaries, local jails, police lock-ups, juvenile hall/borstal institutions) • Immigration office(holding cells) • Reception centre (for asylum seekers) • Ad hoc (camps, prisons, shelters, other) • Transit centre (“external” detention at airports and other ports of entry, typically short-term)

9. Security level • Secure: Deprivation of liberty • Semi-secure: Deprivation of liberty with caveats • Non-secure: No deprivation of liberty, “open” • Mixed regime: Facilities that have secure and non-secure sections

10. Management • Public police, military, prison services, immigration agencies • Private 1. Security contractors (Serco, Corrections Corporation of America) 2. Non-profit agencies (Red Cross) 3. Joint For Profit – Not for Profit contract • Public-Private Partnerships • International organizations (UNHCR, IOM)

11. Custodial authority (bureaucratic chain of command) • National security (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement) • Prison system (Malaysian Prison Department) • Home affairs (UK Home Office, Border Agency) • Justice (South Korean Ministry of Justice, Immigration Bureau) • Immigration (Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship) • International organization (UNHCR, IOM)

12. Why is this important? Law “To facilitate removal [of aliens] … detention and other forms of custody are constitutionally permissible to prevent individuals from fleeing or endangering public safety. However … if the circumstances of detention become excessive in relation to these noncriminal purposes, then detention may be improperly punitive and therefore unconstitutional.” (Kalhan 2010) Policy How to translate permissible forms of administrative detention into reality, develop measures for assessing whether current methods are excessive, design “soft” or alternatives forms of custody based on best practices. Research Construct data that will allow scholars to compare detention practices across an array of disparate cases.

13. Thank you!