Citing your Sources

1. Citing your Sources Theory & Practice

2. Terminology • Quoting • To use “quotes” to borrow exact words from another person and place it into your work • Paraphrase • To use another person’s idea or statistic, but in your own words and without “ ”. • Citations • To indicate where that the idea, number, fact, words, were borrowed from someone else and where

3. Why Include Someone’s Ideas? • To provide better credentials to an idea • To use as evidence or add support to your idea • To establish emphasis on a certain idea • To be more efficient in the writing • To vary the tone of your writing • To avoid blame • they said it, but I wanted to, now I don’t have to

4. Don’t Cite… • Common Knowledge • Any fact that is identifiable by five different, general reference sources, such as • Dictionary • Almanac • Encyclopedia • Known by the audience • Examples of Common Knowledge • Current and historical events • Famous people • Geographic areas • Folklore • Common sayings • Based on whether the READER knows the Common Knowledge, not whether the AUTHOR knows the knowledge

5. Two Steps to Citations(Citation Theory) • In-Text Citation PURPOSE: (a) To tell the reader that an idea, fact, number, phrase, … was borrowed from someone else (b) To give enough information about that reference, so the reader can find the full reference in a list in the back of the document • Reference in back of document PURPOSE:To tell the reader where to find the original document where the idea, fact, number, phrase, etc. live. NOTE: This is why a URL is NEVER sufficient for the reference because they will change, but the full source can still be found, even if it was moved.

6. Why You Should Know Different Citation Methods • Because the citation methodology won’t go away, or cease being important • Because you want to be able to find any original source no matter the citation method • You never know which method might be in use • You can research more easily • If you understand the theory, then you can use any method, or make up your own.

7. Two Basic Citation Methods • Documentary-Note System • Used in Humanities • (Step 1) Use End-Note notation that are indexed • (Step 2) Have End-Notes by index at end of document • May also have full Bibliography in Alphabetical order by author last name or title of doc (if no author) • Author-Date System (e.g., MLA, APA) • Used in Physical Sciences • (Step 1) Use (author last name or title of doc and optional date) at end of sentence or paragraph • (Step 2) Use “Works Cited” for all cited references &/OR full Bibliography in Alphabetical order by author last name or title of doc (if no author)

8. Three Steps to Incorporate a Quote Quotes should not suddenly appear; therefore… • Introduce the quote • Can use a phrase or full sentence • Explain what the author is arguing in the quote • State the implication of the quote for your own argument Each step is optional. If the step is absent, it’s because it is not necessary. However, never leave the reader to assume why you included a quote or its relationship to your work.

9. Methods to Incorporate a Quote The quote should always make English sense, as if the “ ” had been removed. • Full sentence -- in which your sentence provides context for their sentence: Dr. Julie Miller, a writing consultant writing for CEO Magazine, recently surveyed 4,000 employers nationwide, with the following results: “Over half the companies say 55 percent of their employees lack writing and reading-comprehension skills.” • Partial sentence -- in which your sentence blends with theirs to create a single, functional sentence: Dr. Julie Miller, writing consultant writing for CEO Magazine, recently surveyed 4,000 employers nationwide to find that most felt the majority of their workers “lack writing and reading comprehension skills.” • Single word quote -- your sentence employs only a single key word (or two) from the source: Those who have studied the problem claim the lack of writing skills in the labor force today amounts to a “crisis” of “unprepared” workers (Miller). • Altered quote -- is similar to 1 or 2, except that words have been added or omitted to create a succinct and syntactically valid sentence: Miller cites an example in which poorly written instructions cost an aerospace company wasted time and money. “A product [was] sent to the shop floor[…] [where] the technician attempted to run functional testing procedures […] [and found it] defective. In reality[…] what was defective? The unclear written instructions.”

10. Rules for Quotations with Punctuation • Ellipsis dots (…) are used to indicate deletions or omissions from a directquote when you delete information from the MIDDLE of the quote. You will always delete from the front or end of a quote, so no … are needed there. • When an ellipsis is at the end of a sentence, it is followed by a period. (Yes, that means four dots!) However, MLA guidelines call for the ellipsis dots to be placed in square brackets […]. • Square brackets [ ] are used when inserting clarifying comments into a direct quote. Place the clarifying text in square brackets. • When quoting text with an obvious error, use [sic]. [Note that sic is in italic font.] • If punctuation is part of the material quoted, it goes inside the “ ”; if the punctuation is not part of the material quoted, it goes outside the “ ”. • Usually periods go inside quotation marks. However, if the sentence includes an in-text citation in ( ), then the period goes at the end of sentence, after the ( ). • Part of a sentence with “the quoted text” (citation). • Part of a sentence, identifies author, with “the quoted text.” • Commas and “ ” depend on quote location in the sentence: • Dr. Julie Miller said, “students don’t understand commas.” • “Students don’t understand commas,” said Dr. Julie Miller. • Semicolonsand colonsgo outside closing quotation marks.

11. More Quoting Rules • Never start a paragraph with a quote. Paragraphs start with topic sentences. • Block quotes are used for quoting LONG sequences – usually more than 2 typed lines • Don’t look like other quotes • Exist in their own paragraph • Paragraph indented on left and right, to set it off • No “ ” because it’s known that it’s a quote • Put (citation) outside the closing period • For my papers, do not add the words in a block quote in your word count for your paper

12. Citing Sources without the Author • In an author-date system with no author, use the title of the document/page instead • For example, webpages • Use the title at the top of the webpage, in “ ”. • NEVER use the website parent as the author name unless you are referencing every page on that website in that citation. • This is why you can never say in your in-text citation (wikipedia.com). That would be some reference!

13. Bibliographies, References, or Works Cited • Start with author last name or document title when no author • This is the same information found in (in-text citation) • Thus the reader can scan down list easily to find an entry • if you don’t use this information at the beginning of the line, you make the reader read the whole biblio entry like a paragraph to find the reference. Yuck! • To aid reader’s scan, use a hanging indents with biblio entries (not paragraph indenting) • Select/highlight all bibliography entries, R-click, select paragraph, under “Special” drop-down box select “hanging”, adjust “By” amount to desired distance

14. Practice: In-text Citations using MLA • CORRECT or INCORRECT? • Alison Greatnose, head of Bitsyphones, Inc., predicts, by 2005, “most cellular phones will be the size of a chocolate bar.” (Smith). • “Children who play violent computer games have a higher incidence of dental decay,” claims George Brushalot of the American Dental Association in his article, “Shoot the Bacteria” (45). • Many online chatters like Fran Frozenlife believe long periods of chatting have no negative effects: “I’ll often chat for twelve hours at a time and think nothing of it” (Scribbler, 11).

15. More Practice: In-text Citations using MLA • CORRECT or INCORRECT? • “We’re pretty sure,” says Pentagon official Bob Noname, “that no hacker could break into our nuclear security system. Keep your fingers crossed!” (Fraidycat). • According to Jose Smith of NASA, he says that a trip to Mars is feasible. • According to Jose Smith of NASA, a trip to Mars is not feasible, but Mr. Smith indicated that current technologies may make a trip feasible in the next decade.

16. More Practice: Bibliography Citations Using MLA • What is the order of the entries in a bibliography? • CORRECT or INCORRECT? • Book with One Author. Schlosser, Eric. “Fast Food Nation.” Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. • Article in a Magazine. John Hockenberry. “The Next Brainiacs.” Wired: August 2001, 94-105. • Article from a World Wide Web site. “Brilliant Careers: Francis Ford Coppola.” 19 Oct. 1999. Salon.com, 3 August 2013. <http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/10/19/coppola/index.html>.

17. Online Resources • For Research Writing logistical help • Purdue Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ • For MLA Formatting and Style Guide • Purdue OWL MLA Manual http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/