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Women and The Enlightenment

Women and The Enlightenment. 25 June 2008 NEH Institute. Women and the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment Philosophy in Tension with the Reality of Patriarchal Society Leading philosophes and their Theories on Sex and Gender Women as Agents of the Enlightenment program

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Women and The Enlightenment

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  1. Women and The Enlightenment 25 June 2008 NEH Institute

  2. Women and the Enlightenment • The Enlightenment Philosophy in Tension with the Reality of Patriarchal Society • Leading philosophes and their Theories on Sex and Gender • Women as Agents of the Enlightenment program • Consequences for the Emancipation of Women – the Enlightenment, the Revolution, and the Rise of Modernity

  3. DefiningCharacteristics • Reason vs Revelation • Secular • Deism • Empirical • Toleration • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Press • Religious Freedom • Anti-clerical and anti-authoritarian • Emphasis upon Education • Equality before the Law • Cultural Relativism • Theory of Progress

  4. François Poullain de La Barre 1647-1725 Role of Cartesian Rationalism • De l’égalité des deux sexes , 1673 • De l’éducation des dames, 1674 • De l’excellence des hommes contre l’égalité des sexes, 1675

  5. Montesquieu and Women Persian Letters, 1721 Spirit of the Laws, 1748 • Cultural Relativism • Making a “science of society” i.e. • empiricism • Pragmatism Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1755

  6. Voltaire and Women • Poet, novelist, playwright, essayist • Letters Concerning the English Nation, 1733; Candide, 1759 • Glory (la gloire) • Honor (L’honneur) • Duty (Le devoir) • Virtue (La vertu) Voltaire 1694-1778

  7. Émilie, Marquise du Châtelet-Laumont (1706-1749) Frontispiece of Voltaire/Chatelet Translation of Newton Cirey Period (1733-1749)

  8. Diderot and Women Denis Diderot 1713-1784 Complex and Contradictory Views on Women

  9. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, 1751 Discourse on Inequality, 1755 The Social Contract, 1762 “The General Will”

  10. Rousseau and Women The Nouvelle Heloise and Emile 1761-62 Great success of Sentimental Novel Emile Educational Theory Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778

  11. The Salon and its Meaning for the Enlightenment Origins? What’s New? Role of Women? Influence? The Republic of Letters

  12. Claudine-Alexandrine Guérin Tencin 1682-1749 • Father was president of local Parlement • Initially a nun; broke her vows in 1712 • Established a salon and became noted for her wit, charm and notorious love affairs • Jean d’Alembert was her illegitimate son from noted affair with the Chevalier Destouches • One of first Parisian literary salons to welcome foreigners. • Novelist of some merit

  13. Marie-Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin 1699-1777

  14. Marie du Deffand 1697-1780 • Aristocratic Background • Dominated salon life for five decades • Close friend of Horace Walpole • Significant letters

  15. Julie de Lespinasse 1732-1776 • Of noble but illegitimate birth • Famous break from her protégé Madame du Deffand • Famous letters concerning her passionate love affairs with the Marquis de Mora and the Comte du Guibert

  16. Lettres d‘une Péruvienne, 1747 Letters from a Peruvian Woman Madame de Graffigny 1695-1758

  17. De l’esprit, 1758 A Treatise on Man; his Intellectual Faculties and his Education, 1772 Radical Empiricist and Determinist Human behavior completely determined by education and social environment. We seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain…anticipates the British Utilitarians Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)

  18. Anne-Catherine de Ligniville Helvétius Maintained a salon for over five decades which featured the major figures of the Enlightenment, including Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson Madame Helvétius 1722-1800

  19. Boucher Painting of Madame de Pompadour Mistress to Louis XV

  20. MARIE ANTOINETTE LOUIS XVI

  21. The Hapsburgs War of Austrian Succession 1740-48 Diplomatic Revolution, 1756 Seven Year’s War 1756-1763 Maria Theresa of Austria r. 1740-1780

  22. Holy Roman Emperor and Co-Regent with Maria Theresa from 1765-1780; sole ruler from 1780-1790. • Josephine Reforms • Abolishment of Serfdom • Patent of Toleration • Clerical and Church Reform • Challenge to Nobility • Collapse of Josephine Reforms (1786-1790) Joseph II 1741-1790

  23. Mozart and Women Freemasonary Josephine Reforms Marriage of Figaro Enlightenment Influences? Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791

  24. Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 A Vindication of the Rights of Man, 1790 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792

  25. Noted Mathematician & Scientist Systematically Applied Mathematics to the social sciences Advocate for Human Rights, including rights for women and blacks Directly involved in the French Revolution Theory of Progress Marquis de Condorcet 1743-1794

  26. Olympe de Gouges 1745-1793 Feminist Author and Advocate Declaration of the Rights of Women

  27. DefiningCharacteristics • Reason vs Revelation • Secular • Deism • Empirical • Toleration • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Press • Religious Freedom • Anti-clerical and anti-authoritarian • Emphasis upon Education • Equality before the Law • Cultural Relativism • Theory of Progress

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