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Unit 6

Unit 6. Classification of Disease. Objectives . Spell and define terms. Define disease and list some possible causes. Distinguish between signs and symptoms. List six major health problems. Objectives . Identify disease-related terms. List ways in which a diagnosis is made.

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Unit 6

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  1. Unit 6 Classification of Disease

  2. Objectives • Spell and define terms. • Define disease and list some possible causes. • Distinguish between signs and symptoms. • List six major health problems.

  3. Objectives • Identify disease-related terms. • List ways in which a diagnosis is made. • Describe malignant and benign tumors.

  4. Introduction • Nurses value your observations • They are used to make evaluations and plan nursing care for patients • The better you understand the basic principles of disease, the more accurate the information you can provide.

  5. Disease • The body is a complex chemical factory • Depends on all of its parts to perform efficiently • It is subject to external and internal forces • Stress that can threaten its ability to function properly

  6. Disease • Predisposing factorsto disease are general conditions • Malnutrition may contribute to the development of illness • Some diseases have related risk factors

  7. Disease • Risk factors • Specific behaviors or conditions that tend to promote certain diseases

  8. Signs and Symptoms • Signsof a disease • Can be seen by others • Symptoms • Felt by the patient

  9. The Course of Disease • Development and course of different illnesses vary greatly • Acute diseasedevelops suddenly • Progresses rapidly • Lasts for a predictable period • The patient recovers or dies

  10. The Course of Disease • With a chronic disease • Periods when the patient experiences the signs and symptoms • Periods when evidence of the disease is less pronounced or disappears altogether

  11. Complications • A complicationmakes the original condition more serious

  12. Major Conditions • Some of the major conditions or illnesses that can affect the body’s ability to function are: • Ischemia • Congenitalabnormalities • Infection • Inflammation

  13. Major Conditions • Some of the major conditions or illnesses that can affect the body’s ability to function are: • Obstruction • Trauma • Neoplasm

  14. Diagnosis • Medical diagnosis • Made by the physician • Patient is examined • History of previous illness is taken and reviewed • Various laboratory and diagnostic tests are performed

  15. Diagnosis • Physician compiles the information • Matches it to possible diseases • Names process to establish the medical diagnosis

  16. Diagnostic Studies • Laboratory tests and diagnostic studies • Give physician valuable information for naming the disease process and planning the proper treatment for the patient

  17. Diagnostic Studies • Protocols • Standards of procedure and care developed for the preparation and care of the patient for each test or study

  18. Diagnostic Studies • Protocols • Follow to achieve satisfactory results • Improper patient preparation can result in: • Inability to perform the test • Inaccurate test results • Delayed diagnosis • Increased costs • Increased patient anxiety • Slower recovery

  19. Noninvasive Tests • Some tests and studies are noninvasive • Ultrasound • Thermography • X-ray and fluoroscopy • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) • Electroencephalogram (EEG) • Electromyogram (EMG)

  20. Invasive Tests • Some tests and studies are invasive • Direct visualization procedures • Dye studies • Cardiac catheterization

  21. Other Techniques • Chemical and microscopic studies • Examine samples of various body tissues and secretions

  22. Other Techniques • The most common samples are: • Blood • Urine • Sputum from the lungs • Cultures from infected tissues • Gastric secretions • Feces

  23. Therapy • Once a diagnosis is confirmed, appropriate therapyis determined • Four basic approaches to therapy: • Surgery • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Supportive care

  24. Neoplasms • Tumors can affect almost any organ of the body • Tumor cells do not follow the normal laws of growth and reproduction • May not stay within the normal boundaries

  25. Neoplasms • Excess numbers of cells and abnormal cells crowd out the normal cells and compete with them for nutrients.

  26. Types of Tumors • Different types of tumors • More common among certain groups of people • Children have more tumors of the nervous system, urinary system, and hematopoietic system.

  27. Types of Tumors • Adults have more tumors of the reproductive organs, lungs, and colon. • Two major types of tumors are classified as benign or malignant.

  28. Early Detection • Early detection of cancer can often result in a cure. • The sooner the cancer is found, the higher the rate of its cure. • Pain is usually a late symptom.

  29. Body Defenses • The body has a natural line of defenses against disease • Inflammation • Unbroken skin • Mucus

  30. Inflammation • Body’s natural defenses • Signs and symptoms of acute inflammation: • Redness • Swelling • Heat • Loss of function • Pain

  31. Immune Response • Immune response • Protects the body against specific infections by producing special chemicals called antibodies

  32. Immune Response • A vaccinemay be given before exposure to a disease • The body can then produce antibodies before actual exposure occurs

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