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Achieving Clean Air and Clean Fuel through MTBE

Achieving Clean Air and Clean Fuel through MTBE. Dr. Graeme Wallace European Fuel Oxygenates Association Clean Fuels & MTBE Workshop Doha, 23 rd April 2013. Agenda. Introduction European Air Quality History of EU Fuel Quality Standards Ether use in Europe Benefits of MTBE Conclusions.

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Achieving Clean Air and Clean Fuel through MTBE

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  1. Achieving Clean Air and Clean Fuel through MTBE Dr. Graeme Wallace European Fuel Oxygenates Association Clean Fuels & MTBE Workshop Doha, 23rd April 2013

  2. Agenda • Introduction • European Air Quality • History of EU Fuel Quality Standards • Ether use in Europe • Benefits of MTBE • Conclusions

  3. European Fuel Oxygenates Association • Founded in 1985 • 11 members; representing the majority of European ether capacity • Non-profit, technical organisation • The European Fuel Oxygenates Association (EFOA) is a sector group of CEFIC, the European Chemical Industry Council • EFOA is dedicated to the promotion of ethers as fuel components towards a cleaner and sustainable future. • EFOA is recognised by the European Commission as a stakeholder on fuel quality and biofuels

  4. Agenda • Introduction • European Air Quality • History of EU Fuel Quality Standards • Ether use in Europe • Benefits of MTBE • Conclusions

  5. European Air Quality Improvements

  6. Over 20 Years of Air Quality Efforts- Auto/Fuel Directives • Objective: reach EU urban air quality standards through fuel and vehicle specifications • Two parallel directives initiated in 1992, adopted in 1998 and implemented from 2000 • One directive setting fuel specifications, another setting car emission standards for new vehicles • Gasoline specifications: “undesirable” components/properties have been progressively reduced or removed • Lead • Sulphur • Benzene • Volatility • Now the focus is on reducing greenhouse gases/ CO2

  7. European Emission Standards for Passenger Cars, g/km

  8. Agenda • Introduction • European Air Quality • History of EU Fuel Quality Standards • Ether use in Europe • Benefits of MTBE • Conclusions

  9. Changing EU Fuel Quality Premium Unleaded Petrol (EN228)

  10. Gasoline in Europe • Directive 2009/30/EC • No change to RON & MON specs • Reduction in life cycle GHG emissions • 10ppm sulphur limit • Increases oxygen content to 3.7% m/m • Allows use of up to 22% v/v fuel ethers • Sets MMT limit • Member States may apply for volatility derogation if using ethanol • Subject to Commission approval • Demonstration of no negative environmental impact

  11. Reduction in CO2 Emissions Renewable Energy Directive(2009/28/EC) • Mandatory national targets designed to deliver at least 20% share of EU energy from renewable sources in 2020 • Mandatory 10% renewables in transport by 2020 • Minimum GHG savings from biofuels of 35% • Savings increase to 50% in 2017 for existing plants and to 60% for new installations • Decision required on Indirect land use change (ILUC) • New targets for 2030 under discussion Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EC) • Gradual reduction in life cycle GHG emissions by 10% (per unit of energy) by 2020 versus fuel baseline standard • Mandatory: 6% by end 2020 (sustainable biofuels, alternative fuels, reduction in flaring and venting at production sites) • Optional Intermediate targets • 2% by 2014 • 4% by 2017 • Indicative: further 2% by end 2020 (electric vehicles, clean Carbon Capture & Storage) • Indicative: further 2% by end 2020 (emissions trading)

  12. Agenda • Introduction • European Fuels Market • History of EU Fuel Quality Standards • Ether use in Europe • Benefits of Ethers • REACH • Conclusions

  13. Gasoline consumption has declined by 25%Due to lower tax on diesel

  14. The European Gasoline Market Looks Simple Consumption in 2009 By Grade Source: European Commission

  15. But National Bio-Blending Obligations Create Fragmentation NORWAY 5,0%(v/v) Parallel Targets Petrol & Gasoil FINLAND 6,0%(e/e) Cumulative Petrol + Gasoil UNITED KINGDOM 4,5%(v/v) Cumulative Petrol + Gasoil DENMARK 5,75%(e/e) Cumulative Petrol + Gasoil LATVIA 5,0%(e/e) Parallel Targets Petrol & Gasoil NETHERLANDS 5,25%(e/e) Gasoil 3,5%(e/e) Petrol 3,5%(e/e) IRELAND 4,0%(v/v) Cumulative Petrol + Gasoil POLAND 6,2%(e/e) Cumulative Petrol + Gasoil GERMANY 6,25%(e/e) Gasoil 4,4%(e/e) Petrol 2,8%(e/e) BELGIUM 4,0%(e/e) Parallel Targets Petrol & Gasoil SLOVAKIA 5,75%(v/v) Gasoil 5,2%(v/v) Petrol 3,1%(v/v) CZECH REPUBLIC Gasoil 6,0%(v/v) Petrol 4,1%(v/v) FRANCE 7,0%(e/e) Parallel Targets Petrol & Gasoil AUSTRIA Gasoil 6,3%(e/e) Petrol 3,4%(e/e) PORTUGAL 5,0%(e/e) Gasoil 6,75%(e/e) Petrol 2,5% (e/e) HUNGARY 4,0%(v/v) Parallel Targets Petrol & Gasoil ROMANIA Gasoil 5.0%(v/v) Petrol 4.0%(v/v) BULGARIA Gasoil 4.0%(v/v) Petrol 2.0%(v/v) SPAIN 6,5% (e/e) Gasoil 7,0%(e/e) Petrol 4,10% (e/e) ITALY 4.5%(e/e) Cumulative Petrol + Gasoil

  16. European History of Fuel Ethers • MTBE first used in commercial gasoline in Italy in 1973 • Snamprogetti (Italy) patented MTBE production process in 1974 (1976 in US) • Europe patents further process improvements • Hüls, Germany (1980) • IFP, France (1981) • In 1992 first use of ETBE in gasoline in France • Large scale production of TAME began in 1995 in Finland • First TAEE unit came on-stream in Germany in 2006

  17. Fuel-Ethers Consumption EU 2011 ~4.5 Million Tons TAME (4%) ETBE (50%) MTBE* (46%) * Some is 2nd generation biofuel produced from methanol from waste Source: Fuel Ether Reach Consortium, EFOA

  18. Fuel-Ethers Content in EU27 Gasoline Source: EU Commission «2009 EU Fuel Quality Monitoring» Report

  19. Fuel-Ethers Content in EU Gasoline:2006 EU25[1] Ethers Blending Average = 4.7% [1] For LU and MT used 2005 figures as no data provided,Bulgaria and Romania did not participate in 2006 Source: Elaboration from: “EU Fuel Quality Monitoring – Report 2006”

  20. Agenda • Introduction • European Air Quality • History of EU Fuel Quality Standards • Ether use in Europe • Benefits of MTBE • Conclusions

  21. Excellent Octane Improvers • Have high octane rating and low volatility, enabling substitution of other octane components such as aromatics *10% in petrol; 200kPa at 5% in petrol: derived from Abengoa data

  22. Improve Air Quality • Reduce emissions from all types of gasoline vehicles, regardless of their emission-control technology

  23. Best Environmental Outlet for C4’s • FCC units & steam crackers produce mixed (linear and iso) C4 stream as co-product • Direct use in gasoline is greatly reduced because of: • High vapour pressure • High atmospheric reactivity • Ethers best environmental outlet

  24. Best Environmental Outlet for C4’s • For a refinery integrated with petrochemical industry most economic approach is; • Convert isobutylene into a fuel ether • Use linear butylenes to make alkylate • Both alkylate and fuel ethers are clean, high octane, non-aromatic components • Ethers superior octane performance offers refiner better blending flexibility

  25. Compatible • California State Water Resources Control Board’s Advisory Panel literature assessment for the period 1975-97 • No documented materials incompatibility issues for retail stations dispensing reformulated fuels containing ethers up to 15% v/v MTBE • At 15% in gasoline, the effects of MTBE (on polymer compatibility) do not compromise equipment integrity

  26. Problem-free for Existing Car Park • Car makers current and draft worldwide fuel charters state • On the basis of emissions benefits, vehicle performance and existing regulations when oxygenates are used ethers are preferred • Ethers have been successfully used in Europe for 30 years at levels up to 15%

  27. European Approach to Chemicals • European policy focuses on science and facts relating to health and environmental risks • Previously with the Existing Substances Regulation (EEC) 793/93 • Now with REACH (EEC) 1907/2006

  28. Ethers: fit as gasoline components • MTBE: European Risk Assessment completed 2001 • No risks to human health, consumers and atmosphere expected • Specific measures to limit the risks in relation to the aesthetic quality of ground water (taste and odour) • Proposals mainly dealing with the construction and operation of gasoline underground storage and distribution facilities at service stations

  29. Ethers: fit as gasoline components • ETBE: comprehensive physical-chemical, environmental and health data set supplied to EU • Same conclusions as for MTBE • TAME: European Risk Assessment completed 2008 • Similar conclusions to MTBE • MTBE will be assessed in 2014 as part of the on-going REACH community rolling action plan

  30. Agenda • Introduction • European Air Quality • History of EU Fuel Quality Standards • Ether use in Europe • Benefits of MTBE • Conclusions

  31. Conclusions • European approach to improving air quality by linking vehicle emissions and fuel specifications is being adopted around the world • European regulatoryapproach to fuel ethers based on sound science and control of infrastructure has proven successful • Due to their technical benefits fuel ethers continue to represent the majority of oxygenates used in Europe despite the rise of biofuels

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