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Basic Horticultural Botany. What is Horticulture?. Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated.
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What is Horticulture? • Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants • Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated
What are Horticultural Plants? • Fruit • Tropical : mango, papaya • Subtropical: Orange, fig • Temperate: Apple, Pear • A fruit is an enlarged ovary with seeds and attached parts
What are Horticultural Plants? • Vegetables • Cool Season: broccoli • Cauliflower, spinach,onion • Warm season • New Zealand spinach • In the grocery store language: Tomatoes, peppers and squash • Vegetables Botanically are plant parts without ovary/seeds.
What are Horticultural Plants? • Drugs • Plants that have medical use: Echinacea, willow, Ginkgo
What are Horticultural Plants? • Condiments/ spices: • Plants used to make flavorings: mustard, curry
What are Horticultural Plants? • Beverage Plants • Coffee, Tea, • Herbal Tisanes • Hops for beer • Agave for Tequila
What are Horticultural Plants? • Ornamental Plants • Herbaceous – flowers and foliage plants • Annuals • Perennials • Woody trees and shrubs • Ornamentals are planted for shade, beauty, Climate control, windbreaks…
Basic Botany/ plant classification Scientific names , Common names Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus ( pl. Genera) species( sp. or spp.) Cultivar or variety Plantae Tracheophyta Angiospermae Rosales Rosaceae Malus domestica ‘Honeycrisp’
More terms used to classify plants • Annuals- completes the life cycle in one season • Biennial – usually takes two years to complete the life cycle ( carrots, cabbage) • Perennial- usually lives more than 2 years • Woody – trees and shrubs • Deciduous/ evergreen • Herbaceous • Tender/hardy
Plant Structures • Flowering plants are divided into to large groups: monocots and dicots • Monocot means there is one seed leaf ( Cotyledon) in the seed. Dicot means two seed leaves.
Annual herbaceous plant Leaves, stems and roots are vegetative but can be used in asexual reproduction Flowers, seeds are sexual reproductive parts Vegetative vs reproductive
Cell types • Parenchyma • Schlerenchyma
Modified stems- often used in propagation • Spur • Sucker • Stolon • crown • Rhizome • Tuber • Bulb • Corm
Buds • Axillary • Terminal • Bud scales ( temperate) • Chilling requirements • Leaf/flower/mixed
Roots/ Function • Absorb water and nutrients • Anchor the plant in the soil • Support the stem • Food storage • propagation • First to emerge from the seed • Positive geotaxis • No nodes • No leaves or flowers
Root vs Stem Stem cross section Root cross section
Roots • Tap root ( dicot) • Fibrous roots ( monocot) • Lateral /secondary root/branch root • Generally extend beyond the top
Flowers • Sexual reproduction • Built to attract pollinators • People can be considered pollinators • Can be perfect (complete) • Unisexual • Plants can be monoecious or dioecious
Basic plant life cycle • Dormancy: seeds or buds fail to grow when given good conditions. • Vegetative: seedling to Juvenile • Reproductive: when plant is large enough to flower • Senescence: ripening of seed, and fruit, leaf drop
Dormancy • Hormonal dormancy • Timed by hormones many temperate plants show this ex. Apple trees • Environmental dormancy • Cold or dryness keeps seed from germinating • Other types in seed dormancy
Reproductive Growth • The plant has to reach its mature stage before it can start flowering. In tomatoes this happens in 30+ days after transplant to the garden. In Apple trees it can be 5-7 years
Primary Metabolism • Photosynthesis • Sunlight • Chloroplasts in a live plant • Carbon dioxide • Energy is changed from light to chemical energy ( sugars) • Oxygen released • Water is used and produced • Respiration • Energy is released from sugars for plant energy • Oxygen is used • Water is used and produced • CO2 is produced • Happens in dark and in light • Occurs in all living cells ( mitochondria)
Photosynthesis CO2+ H20 +sunlight +green plant C6H12O6 + O2+ H2O Respiration C6H12O6 + O2+ H2O CO2+ H20 + 36 ATP
Transpiration 99 % of the water that enters the plant is used in Transpiration, 1% in metabolism
Plant growth Regulators • Plant hormones or other chemicals that influence growth of plants. • Auxins -Gibberellins • Cytokinins -Abscisic Acid • Ethylene