Orlando Norie, 1832-1901 :Fourteenth Foot attacking Waikato Pa, 1863

1. Presentation #2 Orlando Norie, 1832-1901 :Fourteenth Foot attacking Waikato Pa, 1863 Alexander Turnbull Library A-113-025

2. The Taranaki Wars are regarded as one of the main chapters of the New Zealand Wars (sometimes called the Land Wars), which lasted over 40 years.

3. The First Taranaki War: 1860-61 The fighting lasted only a day and there were few casualties. But a lot of anger resulted. Hapurona led Kīngi’s warriors. They were defending their land. Governor Gore Browne ordered his troops to fire on Te Kohia Pā which Wiremu Kīngi te Rangitaake had built on the southern entrance to Waitara. The first fighting occurred in Waitara, over the Pekapeka block of land on 17 March 1860.

4. The First Taranaki War: 1860-61 Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitaake (circa 1846-1847), unknown photographer, copy photograph. Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (PHO2002-442) Te Teira Manuka, Chief of Puke-Kowhatu of Te Ātiawa(date unknown) Unknown photographer Reproduction of carte-de-visite Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (PHO2008-1759) Governor Gore Browne Image: Wikimedia Commons

5. The First Taranaki War: 1860-61 Plan of the Pekapeka Block, Waitara — (Inset, Te Kohia pā, called the “L” pā from its shape.) From The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64), James Cowan, 1955. The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre.

6. The First Taranaki War: 1860-61 The native pah at Waitera [sic] from the bar. March 9th 1861, by Henry James Warre (1819-98). Image: Alexander Turnbull Library A-236-020

7. The First Taranaki War: 1860-61 There was retaliation and fighting from this time on. Both Māori and Pākehā farms were ransacked and burned. At Te Kohia, Gore Browne’s troops stormed the pā on the morning of the 18 March, only to discover the pā had been abandoned. This was a strategy the Māori would repeat again and again. Sarten et al, 1860 by Murray Moorhead, c.1980s. This is a modern interpretation of the attack of Te Kohia Pā, Waitara in 1860 by the Taranaki Mounted Volunteers. Ink & watercolour on paper. Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (A97.014)

8. The First Taranaki War: 1860-61 After Waitara there were several more battles, and the Government troops lost manyof them. Fighting continued through until 19 March 1861 when a truce was made at a place known as Te Arei (The Barrier). March 28 April 24-30 June 29 September 9-12 October 12 November 6 December 30 January 23 March 19 Battle of Waireka Gold’s expedition to Warea Puketakauere Huirangi Ōrongomaihāngi Waikato defeated at Māhoetahi Matarikoriko (the first pā in the line of defense for Te Arei. It was abandoned by Māori on December 31) Māori attack No. 3 redoubt Ceasefire at Te Arei

9. Taihoa! Stop! It’s time to digest some of this information. Turn to your worksheet and work through the tasks next to Taiaha #1.

10. Images from the Wars From The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Māori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64), p 176, by James Cowan, 1955 Image: The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

11. Images from the Wars Whilst all this was going on, Māori built pā to protect their land and people; and the Government troops built stockades, like this one at Bell Block. From : The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Māori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64), by James Cowan, 1955. Image: The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

12. Images from the Wars In August 1860, many settlers fled New Plymouth as refugees, to Nelson A view from the sea, showing some detail of buildings near the water's edge, with Mt Taranaki in the background. 'Friendly natives' stockade’ and ‘Carrington Road Blockhouse’ are inscribed below the drawing on the left. From, New Plymouth during the war. By Georgina Burne Hetley (1832?-1898). Image: Alexander Turnbull Library A-090-006

13. Images from the Wars From Taranaki Punch, a local satirical magazine, came cartoons from the settler’s perspective. The inscription reads: Maori (loq) – Please when will it be convenient to begin burning the houses in the town, for we have nearly done the job outside. Taranaki Punch, Vol 1, No. 10, 27 February 1861, p5 Editor Garland William Woon Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (ARC2002-538)

14. Images from the Wars ‘The War-Dance’ — This depicts the tutu-waewae, or leaping-parade of a Māori war-party, preliminary to marching against the enemy. In the Taranaki Wars of the 1860s, the battle songs shouted by the leader and responded to in chorus by his men frequently invoked the sacred guardian mountain Taranaki (Mt. Egmont), seen in the background of this picture. From a painting by A. H. Messenger – from Hero Stories of New Zealand, By James Cowan, 1935. Image: The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

15. All the while, the troops kept coming… [Edwin Harris] ca 1810-1895: New Plymouth, 3 August 1860. Troops of the 40th Regiment being ferried ashore by lighters from H. M. S. Victoria, early evening, with H. M. S. Airedale, Paddle steamer Tasmanian Maid, brigantine George Henderson and a schooner. Image courtesy of the Alexander Turnbull Library. C-030-013

16. …and building stockades This painting shows conical military tents in the foreground and Marsland Hill Stockade on the central hill in the middle distance, with a flag flying. To the right are St Mary's Church and several houses. Poverty Square, New Plymouth. By Charles Emilius Gold. Image courtesy of the Alexander Turnbull Library A-090-009

17. Methods and equipment for fighting A musket, above, and an Enfield below. A 12 pound Howitzer canon. A Beaumont-Adams patent 5-shot revolver

18. Methods and equipment for fighting In the various battles, it was not just musket fire, but also hand-to-hand combat. Traditional Māori weapons including mere pounamu, patu ōnewa and toki poutangata. Image: Auckland War Memorial Museum Library GN672.w36p

19. Case study: What happened at Puketakauere In early June, 1860, Te Ātiawa and their allies Ngāti Maniapoto began building a pā at Puketakauere (℗), and another adjacent pā, Ōnukukaitara. Image: Google maps.

20. Case study: What happened at Puketakauere On 23 June when a Government party of soldiers approached the Māori pā they were fired on. Colonel Gold immediately authorised an attack. He had Major Thomas Nelson under him, who commanded 350 troops. There were 200 Māori in Puketakauere pā, under Hapurona, Kīngi’s commander. Copy of map showing British and Māori troop movements in the Battle of Puketakauere, 27 June 1860. From Historic Places Trust, March 1984, Nigel Prickett.

21. Case study: What happened at Puketakauere In the end it was the most disastrous loss for the government troops in the First Taranaki War. At 7am on 27 June, 1860, the two 24-pound howitzers of Major Nelson’s troops opened fire. The ensuing attack was described by his survivors as “hotter than anything in the great Indian Battles or in the attack on the Redan in the Crimea.” The Māori had been waiting and ambushed the troops. Many troops got stuck in the swamp, or struggled up the hills. They were split, trying to fight two pā, whilst the Māori were only fighting one. Hapurona had cleverly drawn the troops into fighting a battle on his terms, and he used both concealment and deception to his advantage.

22. Aerial view of the pā sites Ōnukukaitara (right) and Puketakauere (left). Photographer Nigel Prickett, Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth, PHO2004-306.

23. There were several more battles after June, and Governor Gore Browne asked for more troops to be sent to Taranaki. By July there were over 2000 troops at his command. In December 1860, Major-General Pratt decided to launch a major offensive against the defensive line of Māori pā called Te Arei, on the west side of the Waitara River.

24. By 18 January 1861, Pratt had advanced closer, and was building No. 3 Redoubt. This redoubt was attacked by a force of about 140 warriors of Ngāti Haua, Ngāti Manipoto, Waikato and Te Ātiawa, led by Rewi Manipoto, Epiha Tokohihi and Hapurona. Pratt advanced with heavy artillery and about 900 men from Waitara towards Te Arei building the first of eight redoubts on the site of Kairau pā on 30 December 1860. Image: From The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64), By James Cowan, 1955. Image: The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

25. The Seat of War, North Taranaki — Showing redoubts and line of sap to Te Arei, on the Waitara, from The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64), by James Cowan, 1955 Image: The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

26. Eventually a truce was negotiated by Kingite chief Wiremu Tamehana. The terms of the ceasefire, formalised on 3 April 1861, included a promise by the Governor to investigate the Waitara purchase. 1861 January 22: Pratt’s sap begun from No. 3 Redoubt Some 1487m of sap was constructed during the advance on Te Arei. March 19: Truce at Te Arei

27. The sap at Te Arei today Image: Puke Ariki Image: Hamish Tallon

28. Taihoa! Stop! It’s time to digest some of this information. Turn to your worksheet and work through the tasks next to Taiaha #2.

29. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 How do you think the settlers felt at this time? What about the local Māori? • The cease-fire was maintained for over two years, and there is no record that Māori in Taranaki returned to arms once their consent to the peace terms had been given. • Following the peace agreement, Pekapeka remained occupied by the military, (and some other Waitara Māori land) pending the inquiry. Meanwhile, the hapū of coastal Taranaki iwi, assisted by Ngāti Ruanui from the south, held on to Ōmata and Tataraimaka. Although not party to the peace terms, they abided the arrangement and New Plymouth was not attacked.

30. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 Wiremu Kīngi te Rangitaake was grief-stricken at the loss of Waitara – after all, he had promised his dying father that he would never give it up. He left Taranaki and some of his followers spent the next 14 years living inland with his Ngāti Raukawa relatives. In later years he joined the movement at Parihaka with Te Whiti o Rongomai, but he had lost all faith in the Pākehā. Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitaake (circa 1846-1847), unknown photographer, copy photograph. Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (PHO2002-442)

31. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 Despite the truce, some changes took place: New Zealand’s parliament at the time, the General Assembly, passed the Native Lands Act 1862. Governor George Grey replaced Gore Browne.

32. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 • In 1863 war broke out again in Taranaki: Before the promised inquiry into the Pekapeka Block/Waitara was made. On 12 March 1863, British troops occupied Ōmata. On 4 April they moved on to Tataraimaka, having to cross Māori land to do so. • Māori debated the Government’s breach of the truce and the trespass of troops on the Māori land between. Māori had become very mindful of the need to protect and maintain boundaries. Tataraimaka

33. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 • On 4 May, a month after the military had reoccupied Tataraimaka, Māori ambushed a military patrol group on Māori land at Ōākura, between Ōmata and Tataraimaka, and nine British soldiers were killed. Ōmata Tataraimaka

34. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 They attached strings to this – they said that they would only give the land back if the warriors who had been involved in the ambush at Ōākura, were brought to account. If those men didn’t come forward, all land in Waitara would be taken from the Māori. The Ministers agreed to renounce the Waitara purchase. BUT…

35. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 The British built numerous redoubts and laid waste to many Māori villages and cultivations. Bushrangers Redoubt and Camp at Wai-iti, Pukearuhe District (1871) Francis Hamar Arden. Watercolour & pencil on paper Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (A58.490)

36. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 General Chute assumed command in 1865. His ‘mopping up’ round the mountain campaign resulted in the last shots of the Second Taranaki War at Waikoukou in 1866 near where the future village of Parihaka would be sited. Major-General Sir Trevor Chute. c 1865 Unknown Photographer, Alexander Turnbull Library PA1-q-196-38-200

37. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 • Very systematically now, the British government troops pushed into new regions seizing more and more land and killing Māori and destroying kāinga whether they resisted or not. • In September 1866 the field headquarters of the South Taranaki force was established at a redoubt built at Waihi (at Normanby) and further raids were launched from it in September and October against pā and kāinga in the interior. Waihi Redoubt (circa early 1870s-1885) Unknown photographer. Albumen print (two part panorama) Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth (PHO2008-1854 & PHO2008-1855)

38. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 Photograph of some of the Armed Constabulary in bush clothing (wearing "shawl-kilts") with group of Māori men and women. The Māori are seated on the ground along with some of the Armed Constabulary. The Armed Constabulary are holding guns and many of them are wearing hats. Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth A64.083

39. The Second Taranaki War: 1863-66 • Māori were now weakened and intimidated. This period of fighting, that had been far more demoralising, relentless, and desperate than the First Taranaki War, came to an end in January 1868. • The next decade brought different leaders and different tactics, the battles were not over yet. Taihoa! Stop! This is the end of the presentation. Turn to your worksheet and work through the tasks next to Taiaha #3. Taiaha #4 is for extension work

40. References • The First Taranaki War Wikipedia entry • Land Wars Star over Pekapeka Block, by Virginia Winder, Puke Ariki Treasure Link • The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi, accessed from www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz • An Ancient Stonghold, by Hugh Barr, Historic Places, September 1993 • Walking the Taranaki Wars, Pratt’s Sap at Te Arei, by Chris Pugsley, New Zealand Defence Quarterly, August 1996 • Chapter 12: Te Muru me te Raupatu: the Aftermath, in Ancestral Landscapes of Taranaki in Taranaki Whenua: Life Blood Legacy. by Peter Adds, New Plymouth, Puke Ariki Museum, 2008. • Taranaki War 1860-2010: Te Ahi Kā Roa, Te Ahi Kātoro, exhibition notes, Puke Ariki Museum, New Plymouth.