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The 30 Years War

The 30 Years War. Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. Peace of Augsburg 1555 Not all areas ruled by princes many ruled by local government leaders Bishop dies, who takes over? Lutherans make gains. Calvin, Calvin and more Calvin. Some Princes becoming Calvinist Not addressed in Peace of Augsburg

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The 30 Years War

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  1. The 30 Years War

  2. Cuius Regio, Eius Religio • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Not all areas ruled by princes • many ruled by local government leaders • Bishop dies, who takes over? • Lutherans make gains

  3. Calvin, Calvin and more Calvin • Some Princes becoming Calvinist • Not addressed in Peace of Augsburg • More aggressive • Not necessarily loved by the Lutherans

  4. Protestant Union 1608 protect their gains look to get support the Dutch the English the French Henry IV Catholic League led by Bavaria sought support from? Spain Pick A Side

  5. 4 Four Phases to the War How many?

  6. Phase 1(1618 - 1625) Bohemia

  7. What Hapsburg’s got next? Ferdinand I * HRE Chuck V * HRE / Spain / Etc. brother Ferdinand I of Austria Charles II of Inner Austria Maximillian II * HRE, Hungary, Bohemia • Rudolf II • HRE, Hungary, Bohemia • Letter of Majesty • Never Married • Mathias II • HRE, Hungary, Bohemia • Marries his 1st cousin, have no kids…thank goodness • Ferdinand II • HRE, Hungary, Bohemia??? • Devout Catholic!!

  8. The Defenestration at Prague • Ferdinand, King of Bohemia closes Protestant churches • “Letter of Majesty” • Rudolf II • Protestants throw some government officials out of a castle 70 feet up • They live! • Angels of horse manure?

  9. Phase 1 Basics • Ferdinand vs. Frederick V • (leader of the Protestant Union) • Mathias HRE Emperor dies • Ferdinand becomes HRE Emperor 1619 • Imperial forces (Catholics) win battle after battle • Led by Belgian General Johann Tserclaes (Tilly) • Bohemia becomes totally Catholic Ferdinand II

  10. Phase 2(1625 - 1629) The Danish Phase

  11. Christian IV of Denmark • Influenced by the Dutch Netherlands, England and France • Wants to be the great Protestant Savior • Loses horribly

  12. Albert of Wallenstein • Hired by Ferdinand to fight the Protestants • loyal to him • Gets to keep all the booty • Use any strategy he wants • Easily defeats Christian IV • Wants more and more • gets him in trouble by 1634

  13. Edict of Restitution (1629) • All Catholic properties returned based on 1552 claims • Before Peace of Augsburg (Peace of Passau) • Attempt to take back the Peace of Augsburg • Wallenstein starts to enforce • States have to take a side…NOW!

  14. Phase 3(1630 - 1635) The Swedish Phase

  15. Gustavus Adolphus • Sends Christian IV his navy • Intervened for religious and political reasons • Wants to increase the power of Sweden • HRE is not really worried about the Swedes

  16. Hedge Your Bets • Protestant Princes • Many do NOT ally or support Adolphus immediately • If he loses, “Hey, I didn’t support him!” • If he wins, “Sweet, I was with you the whole time!” • France (Cardinal Richelieu) • Pays Adolphus money to come and fight the HRE • But going to wait to see if they are worth the money • Treaty of Bardwalde (1631) • France agrees to pay Sweden if they invade and fight Imperial HRE forces

  17. (1630) Ferdinand fires Wallenstein • Why? • Too powerful • Fears he will make a power play for the HRE

  18. (1631) Sack of Magdeberg (May) • Tilly takes over of Imperial forces • Told by Ferdinand to enforce Edict • Takes supplies from Magdeberg in preparation for fight against Adolphus • Army then sacks the town • Kill 25,000 of 30,000 inhabitants…just because • Rallying point for Protestants

  19. (1631) Battle of Breitenfeld • Gustavus Adolphus destroys the Imperial forces! • Protestant Princes and France decide to really join the party • Ally with Swedes or send more money • (1632) Tilly dies in a smaller battle • Ferdinand hires Wallenstein again

  20. Battle of Lutzen (1632) • Wallenstein doesn’t have time to pose significant threat • Adolphus wins but DIES!

  21. Peace of Prague (1635) • 1634 Swedes lose battles • Turning into a stalemate • Deal between the participants in the HRE, not Sweden or France • Edict of Restitution put on hold (40 years) • Northern Germany stays Protestant

  22. Phase 4 – French / International

  23. Richelieu - France • Did not want the fighting to stop • Focused on destroying or limiting the power of the Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE) • If no one else will fight…. • 1635 France declares war on Spain • 1636 France declares war on HRE

  24. Almost over…. • France loses battles to both Spain and HRE • Begin to lose land in France • French nobility NOT happy! • 1642 Richelieu dies • 1642 Sweden defeats HRE at Battle of Breitenfeld…Part 2 • Looking like a stalemate

  25. 1643 Louis XIII dies • New young king Louis XIV (5 years old) takes over • Cardinal Mazzarin takes over • The Fronde • French nobility attack palace of little Louis, demand an end to the war • Louis is gonna remember!

  26. Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Series of peace treaties over 4 years • “Cuius Regio, Eius Religio” • Recognize Calvinism • Freedom of open religion • Officially recognizes independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland

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