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Electoral College. Compromise solution at Constitutional Convention Founders didn’t trust Congress (Parliamentary) Founders didn’t trust the people (demos = mob) Kept states involved in Presidential election (each state legislature decides how electors are chosen)
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Electoral College • Compromise solution at Constitutional Convention • Founders didn’t trust Congress (Parliamentary) • Founders didn’t trust the people (demos = mob) • Kept states involved in Presidential election (each state legislature decides how electors are chosen) • Electors were intended to be independent thinkers
Electoral College • Jefferson formed Republican party in 1796 to secure vote in Electoral College • Number of electors equal to each state’s # Representatives + 2 Senators • 12th Amendment required President & Vice President to run as team • 23rd Amendment allowed D.C. to be represented in Electoral College with 3 electors
Presidential Elections • Popular vote is for electors, not president, even though President’s name appears on ballot • Popular vote may differ from vote in Electoral College (e.g. Jackson in 1820, Gore in 2000) • 48 states send electors with commitment to popular will of statewide vote (general-ticket system) • 2 states (Maine, Nebraska) commit electors to vote of Congressional district (similar to proportional representation--state may be split)
Electoral College • Mathematical advantage either to very large or very small states • Possible to win with 13 states: • CA(54), NY(33), TX(32), FL(25), PA(23), IL(22), OH(21), MI(18), VA(13), GA(13), IN(12), TN(11), WI(11), MO(11), WA(11) • Possible to win with small states (e.g. George W. Bush) because small states are guaranteed 3 electors • In 2000, Gore won CA with 54 electors and 5.7 million votes; Bush won 13 of 19 smallest states with 54 electors but only 2.7 million votes
Electoral College • Once party conventions meet, nominees have ten to fifteen weeks to persuade voters before November election • Emphasis is on securing 270 Electoral College votes (triage strategy with limited time and money) • Ignore states that one is guaranteed to win • Ignore states one is guaranteed to lose • Ignore states with few electors • Focus on swing states and states with many electors • Exceptions: • As race got close, Gore pressured Bush in Florida • Bush pressured Gore in Tennessee and won
Electoral College • Critics charge that Electoral College system violates political equality principle (one person, one vote) • 30 million people in California control only 54 electoral votes • Several reform proposals but only direct popular election would address issue of political equality • Electoral College proponents argue that system supports outcome in close popular elections when candidate receives only plurality of popular vote but clear majority in Electoral College (e.g. Clinton in 1992) -- enhances legitimacy • It also gives power to states and idea of federalism
Political Campaigns • Influenced by: • office being sought • status of candidate (incumbent or challenger) • party affiliation and district preference • demographics, SES, character & size of district • financing & independent resources
Political Campaigns continued • Strategies directed at persuading voters based on: • party loyalty • position on issues • character or image of candidate • Tactics focus on: • message content (negative, comparative) • mode of delivery (debate, q&a, etc.)
Federal Election Campaign Act • Passed in 1971 but Nixon spent $65M in 1972 to get re-elected; some went to jail • If raise $5K (<=$250 each) in 20 states, then government matches up to 1/2 spending limit • Spending limit now • $30.9M + $6.2M = $37.1M in primary • $61.8M in main election (if Democrat or Republican; less for minor parties that received less than 25% popular vote in previous election) • party can receive $12.4M for conventions
Congressional Elections • Influenced by Congressional district demographics • state legislatures determine districts • Supreme Court has changed position on “racial redistricting” • Also influenced by: • first-past-the-post process • voter preference for divided (weak) govt. • Favors pluralist model of democracy
Congressional Elections • Political equality and Congressional districts • Constitution requires decennial census in order to calculate number of representatives • In 1790, 105 representatives in House (1 for every 33,000 people--constitution stipulates no fewer than 30,000) • In 1910, House of Representatives had 435 members (roughly 1 for every 200,000 people) • In 1990, 1 House member represented 620,000 people (if evenly divided--or 647,000 after 2000)
Congressional Elections • Reapportionment redistributes 435 House members among 50 states • Redistricting changes boundaries of Congressional districts within states • Single member district system allows winner-take-all format (not multi-member districts) • Since Baker v. Carr (1962), U.S. Supreme Court requires districts of relatively equal size to ensure equal protection of the law (14th Amendment) or one person, one vote
Congressional Elections • State legislatures are responsible for redistricting • Political gerrymandering is acceptable • Racial gerrymandering has been overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court • Uncomfortable resemblance to political apartheid.. • Obligation is to represent constituency as a whole, not members of one race • Antithetical to system of representative democracy
Financing Congressional Campaigns • U.S. Supreme Court overturned spending limits in Congressional campaigns in Buckley v. Valeo (1976)...money is speech • Upheld limits on contributions--same as in presidential campaigns ($1K individual, $5k PACs) • Independent (nonaffiliated) PACs have no limit • Finance rules favor incumbents, although some PACs “hedge bets” and contribute to both • Rules decrease accountability & competition, and limit access by individuals