The Civil War Begins: Battle of Fort Sumter 1861

1. Chapter 16 Notes The Civil War Begins

4. Battle of Fort Sumter: • South wanted to take over federal forts • The fort was trying to hold on but were running out of supplies. • If Lincoln supplied the fort, he risked war. • If he ordered the troops to leave the fort then he was giving in to the rebels. • He did not want to start the war. • Lincoln informed South Carolina that he was only supplying the fort with food and not ammunition. • Confederates decided to attack before supplies got to the fort.

5. On April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m. the south opened fire on the fort. • For 34 hours the battle went on. • Union was forced to surrender. • No one was killed • The Civil War has now started!!!!

7. Dec. 20, 1860 Original 7 states 1. South Carolina 2. Georgia 3. Alabama 4. Mississippi 5. Louisiana 6. Florida 7. Texas Next to follow: Virginia North Carolina Tennessee Arkansas Confederate States:

9. Virginia helped the Confederacy • Virginia was wealthy and populous • Capital of the Confederacy was Richmond, Virginia. • Home of Robert E. Lee • Talented military leader • Lee opposed slavery and succession • “I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children.”

12. North – South betrayed the country. FIGHT TO SAVE THE UNION South- Had the right to leave the Union WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE What do we call this war?

13. Border statesslave states that bordered free states – still in the Union • Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri • Because of their location and resources, the border states could tip the scales toward one side.

14. Maryland – if Maryland seceded, then Washington DC would be cut off from the Union. Kentucky – rivers could provide an invasion route for the north and a barrier for the south. Keeping the border states in the Union

15. North = 24 South = 11 How many states on each side

16. Advantages: Fighting a defensive war. Fighting for their homes Good hunting skills Best officers in the US Disadvantages: Few factories, gun, canons, or railroad tracks No manufacturing Small population – 9 million – 3 million were slaves The South:

17. Advantages: Large amount of volunteers 22 mil. Grow food Great industry 90% 70% of railroads Strong navy Abraham Lincoln Disadvantages: Huge area to conquer Unfamiliar land Stretch supply lines The North

18. Northern strategy Bring US back into the country. Naval blockade Gain control of the Mississippi River Capture Richmond Called Anaconda Plan Southern strategy Defensive position Did not want to conquer the north Wanted England and France to join on their side. Strategy

20. Jefferson Davis: Went to West Point Fought in Mexican War. Sec. Of War under Pierce Honest and courage Controlled day to day activities Abraham Lincoln Little experience in politics and military. Sense of humor Made mistakes Accepted criticism with a smile Leaders:

23. Fighting took place on three fronts: • East • West • Sea

24. Battle of Bull Run • Union troops were trying to get to Richmond • July 21, 1861 • Union = General McDowell • Confederate = General Beauregard and Jackson • Southerners let out the “rebel Yell” and scared the Union troops. • Union troops dropped everything and ran. • Confederates did not follow, they stayed to collect the stuff. • Public came to watch the “great battle”

25. Sherman and Grant

26. McClellan

27. Lee and Jackson

28. Soldiers: Between 18-30 Mostly farmers and factory workers Looking for adventure and glory, getting paid, and loyalty. Uniforms: Blue uniforms (Union) Gray or yellowish – brown uniforms (Conf) Usually did not fit. Lucky to get shoes in the South Took off the dead. Nicknames: South – Rebs, Rebels, Johnny Rebs North – Yankees, Billy Yanks. Call to arms…

29. Hardships of Army Life: • Unsanitary and smelled • Went weeks without bathing • Infested with lice and fleas • Poor hygiene – widespread illnesses • dirty water • No one washed hands.

31. Deadlier than Bullets • More than twice as many men died of disease than at battle. • Surgery – bullets shattered bones – many amputations. • No painkillers • No one understood about germs and the need to disinfect tools.

33. New Inventions for War • Ironclades – warships covered with iron • Union = Monitor • Confederate = Merrimack • Rifle • Minie Ball • Shoot farther and more accurate

40. “Friendly Enemies” • Traded southern tobacco for northern coffee. • Shook hand and wished each luck in battle. • How do you identify the dead?

41. War in the West • Union General Ulysses S. Grant • “I can’t spare this man he fights” Lincoln

43. The Battle of Shiloh • April 6, 1862 • Union = Grant and Sherman • Confederate = Johnston and Beauregard • Lasted for 2 days • Grant received supplies • Union lost 13,000 men; 1/4th of men • Confederates lost 11,000 of 41,000 men • More men died here than in Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined.

45. The Battle of New Orleans • April 25 • Goal was to cut the south in half and capture the Mississippi River • Union won easily • Union could not travel down the Mississippi because the South still held cities along the river.

47. Lee attacks the North • September 1862 • Maryland • Why? • A victory would force Lincoln to talk peace • Give Virginian farmers a break • Steal from northern farms • Show the south could win the war • Convince England and France to join on the South’s side

48. The Battle of Antietam • A confederate soldier left Lee’s plans and an Union soldier found them. • McClellan vs. Lee • September 17, 1862 • 25,000 men dead or wounded • Lee retreated • McClellan did not follow him • Lincoln fired McClellan in Nov. 1862