Art History

1. Art History Chapter 3 ArtTalk Textbook

2. What is art history? • Art history is the record of art from past to present • Ever since there have been human beings, there has been art – paintings, drawings, sculptures, and decorative objects. • Art tells us what people in the past were like – what their culture was like - their beliefs, ideas, and the way they lived.

3. How to study art history • There is a four step system similar to the four steps used in art criticism. • Description • Analysis • Interpretation • Judgment • However, this time, each of these steps is approached differently. Mary Cassatt. Reine Lefevre and Margot. c. 1902. Pastel on paper. The Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Cultural Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

4. Description • In the description step, you are collecting facts about the artwork. • If you are looking at the actual artwork, you would look for the artist’s signature and the date of the work. • If you are looking at a picture of the artwork, you look at the credit line. This will tell you the name of the artist, the title of the piece, the date the artwork was done, the medium used, the size of the work, and where the work is currently located. Sir Jacob Epstein, The Visitation. 1926 (cast 1955). Bronze. 66” H x 19” W x 17½” D. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Joseph Hirshhorn, 1966.

5. Analysis • In the analysis step, you look at the artist’s style. • An artist’s style is as individual and unique as his handwriting. No two people have exactly the same handwriting, and no two artists have exactly the same style. • Individual style is the artist’s personal way of using the elements of art and the principles of design to express feeling and ideas. • Think about how you know a painting was done by Monet, or Van Gogh, or Matisse, or Jackson Pollock. Their individual styles are so unique as to be instantly recognizable. Claude Monet, Water Lilies II,1908. Jackson Pollack

6. Interpretation • In this step, you will need to research a little to find out how time and place affected an artist’s style. • For example, Alice Neel was an American artist who was born in 1900. She painted people that she was interested in instead of traditional portraiture. She did not follow any art movements or styles. This is reflected in her unique style. Once you see her images, you can easily recognize her paintings through her individual style. Alice Neel, Dana Gordon. 1972.

7. Judgment • This is another step where you have to research the artist. Did this work introduce a new style? Or, is it an outstanding example of an existing style? • For example, Alice Neel is considered by art historians to be a great American portrait painter. Her painting Faith Ringgold is of an important American artist who made “story quilts”. Faith Ringgold is the epitome of Alice Neel’s work, so yes this piece is an outstanding example of Alice Neel’s unique style. Alice Neel, Faith Ringgold. 1977. Oil on canvas. 48 x 36 in (121.9 x 91.4 cm). Corporate collection, Texas

8. Art History • Art has been around for as long as man has been around. Humans have a compulsion to create art – either to communicate or to decorate. • We will be looking at art history in very general terms. In other words, we are not going to go into great detail for every period in art. We will try to hit the high spots so you have a general overview of art history. Leonardo da Vinci, The Mona Lisa, c. 1503-1506. Oil on poplar. 77 x 53 cm, 30 x 21”. Musee du Louvre, Paris, France. Palmer Hayden, The Janitor Who Paints, c. 1937. Oil on Canvas. 99.4 x 83.5 cm (39 ½ x 32 ¼ “). National Museum of American Art, Washington DC

9. Prehistoric Cultures • In the Altamira Caves in Spain, an amateur archaeologist excavated this low roof cave for 4 years before his daughter who was small enough to stand up straight in the cave looked up and discovered these paintings of sleeping, galloping, and crouching animals. • These cave paintings date back to 15,000 BC • We have no real idea what the purpose of the paintings is. We know they aren’t decorative because they are deep inside the caves, and on the ceilings. The paintings may have been part of the hunting ritual, part of a religious-type of ritual, or maybe just to celebrate a successful hunt. Altamira Cave Painting, Spain.

10. Ancient River Valley CivilizationsAncient Egypt • Ancient Egypt developed along the banks of the Nile River 3000 years B.C. • Religion was a huge influence. Pharaohs (rulers) were worshipped as gods. The famous pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs. • Egyptians believed in life after death and prepared for living in the afterlife. • Egyptian artists followed strict rules to decorate temples and tombs. • Each part of body had to be shown from the most visible angle. This is why you see the heads, arms, legs, and feet in profile while the shoulders and eyes are seen from a frontal view. • Scenes from the life of the person being buried were depicted. • Size indicated social hierarchy.

11. Ancient River Valley CivilizationsMesopotamia • Mesopotamia was the fertile crescent of land between the Tigris and Euphrates river. • The first important group in the area were the Sumerians (around 2700 B.C.) • Sumerians were the first people to have a system of writing called cuneiform, made up of wedge-shaped characters. • Sumerian artwork was more realistic than the Egyptians.

12. Ancient River Valley CivilizationsChina • Ancient China was in the Yellow River valley • This is the oldest continuous culture in the history of the world. • History of China until modern times was divided into dynasties. A dynasty was a period of time during which a single family provided a succession of rulers. The first dynasty was the Shang dynasty around 1300 B.C.

13. Ancient River Valley CivilizationsIndia • Ancient India was located in the Indus River valley. • The culture of ancient India has been discovered to date back as far as 2500 B.C. • A city called Mohenjo-Daro was a major commercial center with large blocks, multi-storied houses of fired brick and wood, and elaborate drainage systems.

14. Art of AsiaIndia (300 B.C. to A.D. 1200) • The art of India has been strongly influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist religions. • Buddhism was predominant from 300 B.C. to 50 A.D. • Hinduism became dominant after that. Hinduism has three primary processes in life and in the universe, each represented by a god. • Creation – Brahma, the Creator is the god. • Preservation – Vishnu, the Preserver is the god. • Destruction – Shiva, the Destroyer is the god. • India exported its religions to the rest of Asia

15. Art of AsiaChina (300 B.C. to modern times) • China adopted Buddhism during Han dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 220) that stressed the oneness of human beings with nature. • Chinese artists found that long periods of meditation enabled them to perceive the beauty of an object or scene, and enabled them to capture that beauty in their painting. • Paintings were on scrolls of parchment or silk. • Sculpture was for religious purposes and to honor the dead. • During the Sung dynasty, porcelain objects were made of fine-grained white clay called kaolin. • Work in porcelain reached its high point during the Ming dynasty.

16. Art of AsiaJapan • Japan also adopted Buddhism as its major religion. • Until the end of 9th century, Japanese artists copied art styles of China and other Asian countries. • Japanese artists developed a unique style of printmaking and painting, including the woodcut print.

17. Art of Greece and Rome • Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization. • The Greeks built temples in honor of their gods. The most outstanding example is the Parthenon. • The Greeks believed in a logical, harmonious world. They sought perfect proportion in everything (building, sculpture and music) by following formulas. • Originally statues were painted – the Greeks loved color. All we see now is the white of the marble.

18. Art of Greece and Rome • The Romans conquered Greece in 146 B.C. but instead of imposing their culture on Greece, the Romans adopted Greek culture for their own. They had previously adopted Etruscan culture when they conquered Italy. As a result, Roman culture is a blend of the ideal Greek philosophy and the practical Etruscan arts (system of drainage and improved use of the arch). • The Romans continued to improve their adopted cultures – they used the arch and concrete to build large scale structures, developed beautiful interior decorations, excellent roads, and realistic rather than idealized sculpture. • The Romans were not concerned with Greek ideas of perfection. They wanted realistic, accurate portraits of people.

19. Art of Greece and Rome • When Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity during the 4th century, Christians were able to build their own churches (based on Roman design). • Interiors of these churches were decorated with mosaics (pictures made by arranging small pieces of colored glass or tile in a grout mixture).

20. Art of Greece and Rome • Another style of art developed in the eastern part of the Roman empire was called Byzantine art (named after the city Byzantium). This style blended Greek, Roman, and Asian styles, had a religious theme, and used very rich colors and figures that were flat and stiff.

21. Art of the Middle Ages in EuropeRomanesque • The Middle Ages began with the conquest of Rome in 476. The Christian religion became a dominant force at this time in Europe. Life was now centered around churches. The churches grew in size and political importance. • During this time, new churches were built in the Romanesque style. These churches were massive in size, had solid, heavy walls made possible by the support of the Roman arch, and had many sculptural decorations. • Up until this time, buildings could not be very large because there was no way to support the weight of the roof and the walls. The development of the Roman arch allowed buildings (especially churches) to get larger and allow more people to congregate, thus increasing the power of the church even more.

22. Art of the Middle Ages in EuropeGothic • In the twelfth century, people moved from the country to the city. Guilds (the forerunners of unions) were formed, and apprentices learned their craft from the masters. • During this time, a wealthy middle class sprung up. Now there are three classes – upper, middle and lower. • Two new developments freed up architecture – the pointed arch and the flying buttress. These two innovations supported the weight of the walls and roof even more than the Roman arch. Now churches could soar upward and windows could be added. • Gothic builders changed the light by using stained glass windows. • Art was dictated by the Church. The only art at this time was religious art that commemorated Christian themes. • Sculpture and painting during the Gothic period started becoming less stylized, more realistic. Egg tempera was used for painting at this time. This was before the development of oil paint.

23. Art of the Middle Ages in EuropeRenaissance • In the fifteenth century, the printing press and exploration of the Americas and the Pacific opened up the world. Gone were the dark days of the Middle Ages. Renaissance is a term given to the period of awakening at the end of the Middle Ages. • The Renaissance was a time of complete change in the way life was looked at. Kings and church were no longer at the top of the food chain – they were replaced by bankers and merchants. • Art changed during the Renaissance – it was no longer limited to just the Church. Religious art was still a primary source of art, but now art was commissioned by private individuals. Subject matter expanded from religious subjects to portraiture, still lifes, and every day life. • The Renaissance focused on reviving the classical art of Greece and Rome as well as studying the natural world around us. Realism was the ultimate goal for both people and objects depicted. In order to achieve this realism, architect Filippo Brunelleschi developed a technique based on geometry called linear perspective. Linear perspective is a graphic system that creates the illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface. • The most famous of the Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. • Oil painting was invented during the Renaissance. Oil painting allowed artists to work on fine detail while the paint was still wet. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper. C. 1495-1498. Tempera on gesso, pitch, and mastic. 460 x 880 cm, 181 x 346 in. Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy.

24. Art of Islam • Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570. He taught that there was only one god, Allah, and his followers were called Muslims. His teachings became the holy scriptures called the Koran, and the name of the religion became Islam. • Islamic art is the art of the Muslim world and is used to decorate the mosques (Muslim places of worship). Art depicting people or animals was not permitted in mosques, but could be and was used in illustrating books. • Islamic art in the mosques was decorative – ornate calligraphy (beautiful writing), geometric patterns, and stylized plants and flowers. • Book illustrations depicted people and animals in everyday scenes such as banquets, hunting scenes, and romantic stories.

25. Art of Native Americans • Prior to Columbus and the Europeans arriving in America in 1492, the people of North, Central, and South America had well-organized civilizations. There were over 20 million people living in 2000 different groups. Each group had its own unique language, traditions, rituals and art forms. • Any culture before the Europeans (Columbus) arrived is referred to as pre-Columbian. As you can imagine, this part of art history covers a wide variety and function of art depending on which of the 2000 cultures you are looking at.

26. Art of Europe17th Century • The Renaissance opened up learning in all areas as well as encouraging many new and major developments in exploration and scientific discoveries. As a result, as we move into the 17th century, we can see the impact of the inventions such as the microscope and the telescope. A new worldview is emerging and is reflected in the arts. Learning, discovery, and exploration are moving faster and are happening in every direction – science, math, literature, theater, visual arts. • The Baroque art style is a new movement in art that is reflecting this changing culture. • Baroque art emphasized movement, strong value contrast, and variety. Forms and figures in Baroque art turn, twist and spiral into space. • Baroque artists refined perspective to the point they could make figures seem to move off the canvas toward the viewer. They opened up the picture plane into infinity. There are no more limits in space – the picture plane is no longer flat, it now appears to be completely three-dimensional. • In addition to movement, the Baroque artists used dramatic lighting effects with dark, mysterious shadows, and brightly lit areas. Michelangelo, La Pieta. 1499. Marble. 174 x 195 cm, 68.5 x 76.8 in. St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy. Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel (detail). Peter Paul Rubens, The Adoration of the Magi. 1624. Oil on canvas. 447 by 336cm (15 by 11 feet). Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten in Antwerp, Belgium. Rembrandt van Rijn, Titus, the Artist’s son. C. 1657. Oil on canvas. 55 x 67 cm (21.7 x 26.4”). Wallace Collection, London, England.

27. Art of Europe18th Century • The Baroque art movement of the 17th century morphed into a more relaxed style in the 18th century called Rococo. • Rococo stressed free graceful movement, a playful use of line, and delicate colors. • Rococo art was used to decorate the homes of the French aristocracy, and depicted their luxurious and carefree lifestyles (pre-Marie Antoinette) The Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria) Thomas Gainsborough, The Mall in St. James Park. 1783. Oil on canvas. 147 x 120 cm. The Frick Collection, New York, NY.

28. Art of Europe19th Century Neoclassicism • Life changes faster and faster as we move ahead in time. The industrial revolution and the democratic revolutions (including the U.S. and French revolutions) in the late 18th century brought about even newer and faster ways of life, which was reflected in art as well. • Some of the new styles of art were a rebellion against what had gone before in art. • Now instead of a new style for the century, we start seeing movements in art happening either simultaneously, or in rapid succession • The major new movements in the 19th century were Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism. Romanticism Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii. C 1784-1785. Oil on canvas. 4.27 x 3.35 m. (14 x 11 ft). Louvre, Paris. Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair. 1853-55. Oil on canvas. 244.5 x 506.7 cm (96 ¼ x 199 ½”). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY. Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Thomas Eakin, Alice Kurtz. 1903. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Edgar Degas, The Dance Class. 1873-1876. Oil on canvas. Paul Gauguin, Paysanes Paysannes bretonnes (Breton peasant women). 1894. Oil on canvas. 26 x 36 1/4 in. (66 x 92 cm). Musee d'Orsay. Paris, France.

29. Art of Europe - 19th Century Neoclassicism • The French revolution abandoned the Rococo style since it mirrored the life of the aristocracy. Academies replaced the apprentice system. Academies were strict “schools” of art that taught all aspects of art. The natural place to start was the classic art styles of Greece and Rome, hence the name “Neoclassic” (new classic). • Neoclassicism was severely realistic and unemotional. • An outstanding example of Neoclassic art The Death of Socrates by Jacques Louis David, Jacques Louis David, The Death of Socrates. 1787. Oil on canvas. 51 x 77 1/4 in. (129.5 x 196.2 cm). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY.

30. Art of Europe - 19th Century Romanticism • Romanticism was a reaction to the unemotional Neoclassicism. Romanticists disliked the many rules and the lack of emotion in Neoclassicism. • Romanticists painted emotional scenes of action using brilliant colors to emphasize the feeling of the art work. • Romanticists believed the artist’s personal impression of an event was more interesting than an accurate, historical report. • Rosa Bonheur’s The Horse Fair is a good example of the Romanticism movement. J. W.M. Turner, The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October. 1834-1835. Oil on canvas. 92 x 123 cm. Philadelphia Museum of Art Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair. 1853-55. Oil on canvas. 244.5 x 506.7 cm (96 ¼ x 199 ½”). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.

31. Art of Europe - 19th Century Realism • The Realists rejected the rules of Neoclassicism and the drama of the Romanticists in favor of real life. The Realists portrayed familiar scenes as they actually were. • The Realists felt that they should portray political, social and moral issues. • Francisco de Goya was a Spanish artist who portrayed the ugly truth of war during the Spanish Revolution. • The American artist, Thomas Eakins painted every day scenes realistically. Francisco de Goya, The Shootings of May Third 1808. 1814. Oil on canvas. 104 3/4 x 136 in. Museo del Prado, Madrid Thomas Eakins, The Agnew Clinic. 1889. Oil on canvas. 84 3/8 x 118 1/8 inches. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

32. Art of Europe - 19th Century Impressionism • While the Realists were busy looking at the real world, another group called the Impressionists also looked at the world around them. • The Impressionists took their studios outside so they could capture the effects of color and light. They were more interested in reflected light than in realistic form. • Impressionism captured everyday subjects and emphasized the momentary effects of sunlight. • Foremost among the Impressionists were Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, and Auguste Renoir. Monet, Claude, Impression, soleil levantImpression, Sunrise. 1872. Oil on canvas. 48 x 63 cm (19 x 24 3/8"). Musee Marmottan, Paris, France. Claude Monet Paintings of the same cathedral under different light and weather conditions.

33. Art of Europe - 19th Century Impressionism Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Luncheon of the Boating Party. 1881. Oil on canvas. 129.5 x 172.7 cm (51 x 68 in.). The Phillips Collection, Washington Berthe Morisot, At the Ball, 1875. Musee Marmottan Monet. Paris, France. Edouard Manet, The Fifer. 1866. Oil on canvas. 63 x 38 1/2 in. (161 x 97 cm). Musee d'Orsay, Paris. Mary Cassatt, Portrait of a Little Girl. 1878. Oil on canvas. 89.5 x 129.8 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington

34. Art of Europe - 19th Century Post-Impressionism • Some of the Impressionist artists became dissatisfied and wanted their art to become more meaningful. Others wanted more feelings, intuitions and ideas in their art. Still others wanted more structure and form. These artists became known as the Post-Impressionists. • Post-Impressionism was not a unified movement. Post-Impressionism better describes a time period in the latter part of the nineteenth century than a particular style of art. The artists had very little in common with one another except for the time period in which they lived. • The Post-Impressionists each expanded his or her style to create something so unusual that each style led to important developments in art during the 20th Century. • Post-Impressionist artists include Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gauguin. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, In Bed. 1893. Berthe Morisot, Peasant Hanging out the Washing. 1881. Oil on canvas. 18 x 26 1/4" (46 x 67 cm). Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

35. Art of Europe - 19th Century Post-Impressionism Paul Cezanne, Still Life with Plate of Cherries. 1885-87. Oil on canvas. 22 /78 x 27" (58.1 x 68.9 cm). Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Mary Cassatt, Summertime. c. 1894. Oil on canvas. 100.7 x 81.3 cm. Terra Foundation for the Arts Mary Cassatt, The Banjo Lesson. 1893/94. Pastel over oiled pastel on tan wove paper. 72.2 x 58.6 cm. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond Mary Cassatt, Lady at the Tea Table. 1883. Oil on canvas. 73.4 x 61 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Paul Cezanne, Portrait of Gustave Geffroy. 1895. Oil on canvas. 45 5/8 x 35 in. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Rene Lecomte. Paris, France. Paul Cezanne, Well: Millstone and Cistern Under Trees (Meule et citerne sous bois). 1892. Oil on canvas. 25 5/8 x 31 7/8 in. (65 x 81 cm). The Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pennsylvania

36. Art of Europe - 19th Century Post-Impressionism Vincent Van Gogh, Entrance to the Public Garden in Arles. 1888. Oil on canvas. 72.5 x 91 cm (28 1/2 x 35 3/4 in.). The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. Paul Gauguin, Portrait of the Artist with the Idol. c. 1893. Oil on canvas. 17 1/4 x 12 7/8 in. (43.8 x 32.7 cm). McMay Art Museum. San Antonio, TX. Paul Gauguin, Femmes de Tahiti OR Sur la plage (Tahitian Women OR On the Beach). 1891. Oil on canvas. 27 1/8 x 35 7/8 in. (69 x 91 cm). Musee d'Orsay, Paris Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night. 1889. Oil on canvas. 29 x 36 1/4 in. The Museum of Modern Art, New York Vincent Van Gogh, Wheat Field Under Threatening Skies. 1890. Oil on canvas. 50.5 x 100.5 cm. Vincent van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

37. Art of Africa • The art of Africa is as varied as the one thousand cultures consisting of millions of people. • Most African art in museums dates only from the last century because the damp climate has destroyed many of the wooden or fabric pieces. • A few metal sculptures dating back to the 16th century from the Benin kingdom show an outstanding command of metal-casting techniques. SONGYE Figure. Zaire. Wood, metal, and feathers. 44 1/4 in. (112.5 cm) high. Collection J.W. Mestach, Brussels YOMBE Fetish. Zaire. Wood and mixed media. 23 3/8 in. (59.5 cm) high. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. Tervuren, Belgium .

38. Art of Africa • The arts of Africa are interwoven into the religious life and everyday lives of the many nations, kingdoms and culture groups. Everything artistic also serves a functional purpose – ceremonial canes, combs for hair, stools, chairs, pipes, and spoons. • Weaving is widespread. Everyday weaving is done by the women, while the ceremonial weavings such as Kente cloth are reserved for the men alone to do. • Sculpture is regarded as one of Africa’s greatest contributions to the world’s cultural heritage. African sculpture inspired the development of Cubism in Europe in the 20th century. • African wood carvings include figures and masks. The figures are ancestral figures, power figures, and funeral figures. They have proportions that reflect cultural concepts rather than realism, and an enlarged head indicates its importance as the center of reason and wisdom. Yoruba bronze head sculpture from the city of Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century A.D. SONGYE Kifwebe Mask. Zaire. Painted wood. 24 3/4 in. (63 cm) high. Private collection

39. 20th Century Art • 20th century art changed so rapidly and in so many directions, it’s difficult to pinpoint all the movements or even define a movement any more. Some artists were involved in several movements in their lifetime. • European art moved in three general directions: • Expressing emotions • Emphasized structure and composition • Stressed imagination and dreamlike inventions • Artists experimented with anything and everything in the 20th century William de Kooning, Whose Name Was Writ in Water Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie Woogie. 1942-1943. Oil on canvas. 50 x 50 in. (127 x 127 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York

40. 20th Century ArtFauvism • Fauvism was a movement at the beginning of the 20th century characterized by the use of brilliant colors, bold distortions, and loose brushstrokes. • Fauve is French for “wild beasts” • The Fauves continued the expressive ideas of Van Gogh and Gauging. • Henri Matisse was the leader of this movement. He was concerned with expressing the feeling he had for life. He insisted that his work had one purpose – to give pleasure. Henri Matisse, Femme au manteau violet (Woman in a Purple Coat). 1937. Oil on canvas. 37 7/8 x 25 11/16 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Andre Derain, The Turning Road, L'Estaque. 1906. Oil on canvas. 4 ft 2 1/2 in x 6 ft 4 1/2 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

41. 20th Century ArtExpressionism • Expressionism was a German movement in which artists tried to communicate strong emotional feelings. Expressionism stressed personal feelings rather than composition. • Kathe Kollwitz was an Expressionist who was concerned with poverty and war. Edvard Munch, The Scream. 1893. Oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard. 91 x 73.5 cm. National Gallery, Oslo Kathe Kollwitz, Selbstbildnis von vorn (Self-Portrait from the Front). 1923. Woodcut. 15 x 15.6 cm (image). Gift of Albert M. Bender. Kathe Kollwitz, Selbstbildnis mit der Hand an der Stirn (Self-Portrait with Hand on the Forehead). 1910. Etching. 15.5 x 13.8 cm (plate). California State Library long loan.

42. 20th Century ArtCubism • Cubism is a style that emphasizes structure and design. It is an attempt to put all dimensions onto a flat surface at one time – to see all points of view at the same time. • Three things influenced the Cubists: • The idea that all shapes in nature are based on geometric solids • The scientific discovery that matter is made up of atoms that are constantly in motion • The art of Africa – African sculpture Juan Gris, Portrait of Picasso. 1912. Oil on canvas. 93.4 x 74.3 cm. (36 3/4 x 29 1/4 in.). The Art Institute of Chicago. Pablo Picasso, The Guitar Player. 1910. Joan Miro, The Farm (La masia).

43. 20th Century ArtThe Futurists • The Futurists took Cubism a step farther. They placed lines and shapes in a composition to suggest motion. • Piet Mondrian was a prime example. He created nonobjective art using only vertical and horizontal black lines, black, white and gray rectangles, and the three primary colors. Piet Mondrian, New York City. 1941-42. Oil on canvas. 119 x 114 cm (46 7/8 x 44 7/8 in). Musee national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. Piet Mondrian, Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red. 1937-42. Oil on canvas. 72.5 x 69 cm (28 1/2 x 27 1/8 in.). Tate Gallery, London

44. 20th Century ArtDadaism • Dadaism introduced fantasy into their subject matter. Dadaists used fantasy to take aim at the culture they thought had failed them. • Dadaism was a reaction to the horrors of World War I. Basically, artists felt that society with all its rules was the cause of all the bloodshed. World War Iwas considered to be “an insane spectacle of collective homicide” by the Dadaists. • Dada is anti-art. It has no meaning. It has no purpose. Ironically, it set the stage for much of the 20th century art to follow. • Some examples of Dadaism are a fur-lined teacup and a urinal. Meret Oppenheim, Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure). 1936. Teacup, saucer, spoon, fur. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain. 1970. 60 cm tall. Readymade porcelain urinal. Philadelphia Museum of Art.

45. 20th Century ArtSurrealism • Surrealism is another movement similar to Dada in philosophy, but not as extreme. • Surrealism was a style in which dreams, fantasy, and the subconscious served as inspiration for artists. • Surrealist art was very realistic, almost photographic, but not real life at all. Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory. 1931. Salvador Dali, Nature Morte Vivante ( Still Life – Fast Moving) . 1956.

46. 20th Century ArtRegionalism • Regionalism was a purely American art movement that focused on scenes in America. • Regionalists painted farmlands and cities, focusing on the vast expanse, beauty, productivity and abundance of America. Grant Wood, American Gothic American Gothic, 1930. Oil on beaverboard. 74.3 x 62.4 cm. Friends of American Art Collection, Chicago. Thomas Hart Benton, The Sources of Country Music. 1975. Acrylic on canvas. 1.8 x 3 m (6 x 10’).The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, Nashville, Tennessee.

47. 20th Century ArtMexican Muralists • The Mexican Muralists were a group of artists whose art reflected their concerns about the plight of common people. • They were called the Mexican Muralists because they covered walls and ceilings with murals about Mexican history – the plight of the peasants and the immoral behavior of the ruling class. • David Siqueiros, Jose Clemente Orozco, and Diego Rivera were the three Mexican Muralists Diego Rivera, Night of the Rich. 1928. Fresco. North wall, Courtyard of the Fiestas, Ministry of Education, Mexico City David Alfaro Siqueiros, Echo of a Scream. 1937. Enamel on wood, 48 x 36" (121.9 x 91.4 cm). Gift of Edward M. M. Warburg. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Jose Clemente Orozco, The Dartmouth Mural. 1932 – 1934.

48. 20th Century ArtAbstract Expressionism • Abstract Expressionism was one of the first art movements to emerge after World War II. • It was abstract because it emphasized the elements of art and principles of design as its subject matter. • It was expressive because it stressed feeling and emotions rather than planned design. Jackson Pollack, Eyes in the Heat. 1946. Willem de Kooning, Woman V. 1952-53.

49. 20th Century ArtPop and Op Art Pop Art • In the 1960’s, artists turned to mass media, specifically advertising for inspiration. • Pop artists portrayed images of popular culture as their subject matter. Two of the most famous pop artists were Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. • Op artists liked to fool the eye using scientific knowledge to create optical illusions of movement. Andy Warhol, Marilyn. Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl. 1953. Op Art Bridget Riley, Movement in Squares. 1961.

50. 20th Century ArtColor-Field Painting • Color-Field Painting focuses only on flat fields of color. • Color-Field Painting is color for the pure sensation of color. • The most famous Color-Field artist is Mark Rothko. His color areas have hazy edges that seem to float in space. Mark Rothko, Red on Maroon. 1959. Tate Collection, London. Mark Rothko, Earth and Green.