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Building Tolerance and Reciprocity: New Directions in Community Crime Control

Explore the shift from crime in the community to community crime control through the lens of criminological theory. Discover how tolerance, anti-social behavior, and reciprocity influence community safety. Gain insight into practical solutions for promoting civility and reducing crime. This book delves into the complex dynamics of community crime management and the importance of fostering a culture of tolerance and reciprocity.

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Building Tolerance and Reciprocity: New Directions in Community Crime Control

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  1. From crime in the community to community crime control: New directions in criminological theory and crime management Jon Bannister Simon Mackenzie SCCJR, Crime and Communities network

  2. The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research • A partnership forged between Glasgow, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow Caledonian Universities in alliance with Aberdeen, Dundee, Strathclyde and St Andrew’s Universities

  3. SCCJR • Resources • Research themes • Civic criminology

  4. Crime and Communities • Community as offender, victim, cause and solution • (In)civility: the anti-social and the pro-social • Community safety and community crime control: practical solutions

  5. Crime in the community: new directions in criminological theoryTolerance and Anti-Social Behaviour Jon Bannister

  6. Tolerance • Tolerance as a deliberative, moral and/or practical choice • Tolerance as a British virtue and value? • Tolerance as a legacy of New Labour?

  7. Intolerance • Evidence of rising intolerance (perceived and real): anti-social behaviour, disorder and conflict • Falling thresholds of tolerance?

  8. The Forces Shaping Tolerance • A culture of individualism • Economic insecurity • Pluralism (globalisation and migration)

  9. Policies Shaping Tolerance • The urban policy paradox: celebrating difference, purifying space • The absence of space for social encounters (physical and metaphorical)

  10. A Cycle of Intolerance • Sight, sound, stereotype • Lack of evident common values • The ‘other’ as increasingly threatening • ‘Defining down deviance’, collective action and conflict

  11. Community crime control: new directions in crime managementCommunity and Reciprocity Simon Mackenzie

  12. An action scale of contribution Enforcement (e.g. bystander intervention) Performance (e.g. acting civil) Civility as a public good A B C D Civility E F G H Civility as contribution

  13. Self-interest vs Reciprocity People are fundamentally self-interested, aren’t they? No. self--------------strong----------------total co-op/ interest reciprocity altruism

  14. Reciprocity: definitions Reciprocity is the propensity to reward kind and punish unkind behaviour of others. Strong reciprocity is a predisposition to co-operate with others, and to punish (at personal cost, if necessary) those who violate the norms of co-operation, even where it is implausible to expect that these costs will be recovered at a later date. Strong reciprocators are conditional co-operators and altruistic punishers.

  15. Practical implications of these models • Development of mutual trust, norms of fairness and cooperation • Visibility: Strategies needed to intensify contact and communication among potential cooperators • Ownership: a significant stake in the public good created • Esteem: reciprocity theory prioritises the desire for social esteem in the individual as a motivator for upholding one’s side of reciprocal bargains.

  16. Community policing rather than community policing • CAPS • Advisory councils and beat officers • Operation Beat Feet; March for Peace; Good Guys Loitering • Citizen evidence gathering and private shaming

  17. www.sccjr.ac.uk s.mackenzie@lbss.gla.ac.uk j.bannister@socsci.gla.ac.uk

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