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AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING

AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING. The Theory Behind The Practice. Definition of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) .

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AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING

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  1. AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING The Theory Behind The Practice Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  2. Definition of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) “ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by all involved in aviation to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.” Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  3. PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OFAIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  4. PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB) 47% 19% 21% 5% 6% 4% Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  5. PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS “CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation. CRM competencies, grouped into three clusters of observable behaviors are....” Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  6. ADM SKILL MARKERS(“Observable Behaviors”) • COMMUNICATION • SITUATION AWARENESS • WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT • PLANNING • DECISION MAKING Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  7. CRM DEFINITION “THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES” Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  8. Pilot-in-Command Second-in-Command Flight Instructor Aircraft Scheduler Weather Briefer Ramp Personnel Chief Instructor Flight Attendant Check Airman/ Pilot Examiner Flight Engineer Non-pilot Air Traffic Control Flight Service/Watch CREW... Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  9. RESOURCES... • Time • Information • Workload • Prioritization • Strategies/Plans • Scheduling Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  10. MANAGEMENT... • Situation Assessment • Risk Assessment • Planning/Strategizing • Prioritizing Tasks • Allocating Responsibilities • Problem Solving Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  11. ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  12. ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  13. ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  14. ADM Focus Non-Technical Skills Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  15. ADM SKILL MARKERS(“Observable Behaviors”) • COMMUNICATION • SITUATION AWARENESS • WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT • PLANNING • DECISION MAKING Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  16. COMMUNICATIONS • Two-way street • Information transfer • Clear, concise, unambiguous • Listening • Repeating • Clarification • Understanding Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  17. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS. Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  18. WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT • PRIORITIZE AND DELEGATE • SHARE AND COMMUNICATE • ACKNOWLEDGE PERSONAL LIMITS • ACTIVELY MONITOR Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  19. PREPARATION, PLANNING, AND VIGILANCE • PREPARING FOR REQUIRED ACTIVITIES • PLANNING FOR ALL POSSIBILITIES • MAINTAINING AWARENESS FOR CHANGE Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  20. Decision Making Process 1. Is there a decision to make? 2. Gather all available information. 3. Identify all possible alternatives. 4. Evaluate alternatives. 5. Choose an alternative (make a decision). 6. Act on decision. 7. Evaluate the results of the decision. (if necessary, return to the beginning) Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  21. THE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND FATIGUE • Human Performance • Error Management Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  22. ADM MODELS AND PROGRAMS TODAY • PTS/CRM • Pilot Judgment Training Manuals • Personal Minimums • FAA’s Model • DECIDE Model • Hazardous Attitudes • Decision Making Process Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  23. The Effects ofStress & Fatigue Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  24. Stress & Fatigue Not unique to the airline industry, or the transportation industry! Our entire society is now driven by a 24/7 economy and lifestyle It’s our individual responsibility to implement alertness management strategies Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  25. Stress & Fatigue What are causes of “chronic stress”? What is your chronic stress level? How did the pilots surveyed deal with chronic stress? Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  26. Stress & Fatigue Stress-Coping Strategies: About half stated they were physically active to some degree Remainder were less physically active, but involved in relaxation-type activities All strategies provide a welcome diversion from stress. What is your strategy? Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  27. Human PerformanceStress & Fatigue 12 am 12 noon 12 am 3 - 5 am 3 - 5 pm + _ Performance level Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  28. Stress & Fatigue AA 1420Little Rock, AR June 1, 1999 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  29. Stress & Fatigue

  30. “You start with a bag full of luck and an empty bag of experience. The trick is to fill the bag of experience before you empty the bag of luck.” Human Performance And Error Management

  31. Human Errors Leading To Accidents... How many errors need to occur before we have an accident? Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  32. The “Roach Theory” of Errors Errors are like roaches... For every one you see... Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  33. Errors are like roaches • There are different varieties… • Communications • Procedural • Proficiency • Intentional Non-compliance • Operational Decision Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  34. Errors are like roaches • There are different species and sizes • Slips - meant to do the right thing but took incorrect action • Lapses - omitted an item • Mistakes - intention was incorrect • Violations - (procedural non-compliance) i.e. intentionally deviated from SOP or accepted procedure Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  35. Error Enhancers • Hurry • Fatigue/excessive stress • Lack of oxygen/water/food • Distractions/interruptions • “First learned, best learned” • Insufficient situation awareness • Workload -too low or high Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  36. More Error Enhancers • Language barriers • Cultural differences • Inconsistencies in training • Insufficient knowledge and skills • Non-standardized interfaces • Night/weather Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  37. Human Responses to Errors • Trap - error is detected and managed before it becomes consequential • Exacerbate - error is detected but the crew’s action or inaction becomes consequential • Fail to Respond - lack of a response to an error (undetected or ignored) that can either end up being inconsequential or consequential Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  38. What Do We Do About Errors? • Prevent as many as possible • Practice detection and recovery • Understand and be vigilant for potential “error enhancers” Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  39. “Roach Prevention and Exterminators” • Planning • Leadership • Communications • Decision Making • Situation Awareness • Workload Management Oh Noooo... Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  40. Error Management and Roach Control • It is not possible to prevent all errors • Error detection, prevention, and recovery - error tolerance is the goal. • The goal is met by improving human performance in all facets of aviation. Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  41. What about these? Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

  42. THE END • REMEMBER......MAKE ADM PART OF YOUR LESSON PLANS! • QUESTIONS???? Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice

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