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Rome: Republic

Rome: Republic. SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700BCE to 400 CE Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire

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Rome: Republic

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  1. Rome: Republic SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700BCE to 400 CE Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and roman culture; include law, gender, and science

  2. Rome Geography • Italy • Tiber River The Alps Mediterranean

  3. Early Republic • Latin & Etruscan immigrants est. Rome in 1000 BCE • Initially kings ruled • Built Forum • Open air; center of public life (gov’t, law, business) • Citizens drive out last king • Declare gov’t a democratic republic • Citizens vote for leaders • Citizens were free-born men

  4. Social Classes in Rome • Patricians • Wealthy • Owned land • Made laws • Plebeians • Artisans, farmers, commoners/everybody else (majority) • Could vote • Could not hold office

  5. Rebellion & Government Changes • Plebeians rebel • Patricians give them more power Plebeian Accomplishments: • Tribune – elected representative who protect the rights of plebeians from unfair patrician officials • Twelve Tables – written law code (all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law)

  6. Government • Consul – 2 • Rule army, directed gov’t • 1 year term, veto power • Senate – 300 • Legislative (made laws) • Assemblies – Lots • Voice of people • Dictator – 1 • Absolute power • Consuls choose • 6 month term during times of crisis

  7. Rise & Fall of the Roman Empire SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. b. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. e. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

  8. Collapse of the Republic Why does the republic collapse? • Large size of territory • Economic Turmoil • Gap between rich & poor • Rich land owners lived on estates & used slave labor • Small farmers couldn’t compete  sell land  homeless • Military Upheaval • Generals take power & pay poor to work as soldiers • Soldiers loyal to generals instead of Republic

  9. Julius Caesar • Military genius • Consul for 1 year • Conquers Gaul (France) • People & troops love him • Pompey (political rival) jealous • Caesar marches to Rome w/ his army • Pompey flees & is later defeated • 44 B.C.E. declares himself dictator for life

  10. Caesar’s Reforms • Expanded Senate • Increased pay for soldiers • Started colonies • Created jobs • Citizenship Photo: Brutus & Cassius plot Caesar’s assassination in the Roman Forum

  11. After Julius Caesar’s Death… • Civil war breaks out • Triumvirate (rule of three): • Octavian (Caesar’s grandson) • Mark Antony (general) • Lepidus (politician) • Triumvirate fight with each other for power: Octavian is victorious

  12. Octavian & Empire • Becomes “Augustus” – exalted one; Rome’s first emperor • 27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E. “PaxRomana” = Roman peace • Set up a civil service – paid workers to manage gov’t affairs

  13. “PaxRomana” Ends • 180 C.E. after Marcus Aurelius • Rulers cannot handle Empire’s size

  14. Century of Crisis • Foreign invasion  trade affected  inflation (rising prices) • Soil over-farmed  famine • Military not loyal Mercenaries (foreign soldiers who were paid)  no loyalty to Rome

  15. Emperors Try Reform Diocletian 248 C.E. • Limits freedom • Doubles military • Controls inflation • Divides the Empire: • East – spoke Greek • West – spoke Latin • Constantine 330 C.E. • Moves capital to Byzantine (East) • Names capital after self – Constantinople • Ends persecution of Christians in empire

  16. Eastern & Western Roman Empire

  17. West Collapses Why? • Invasions: • Huns invade Germanic homelands • Germanic tribes move south • Sack and overtake Rome • Last Roman emperor ousted by the Germanic tribes in 476 A.D.

  18. Eastern Empire Survives • Byzantine (Byzantium) • Preserves Greek/Roman culture • Lasts until 1453 when Ottoman Turks take over

  19. The Spread of Christianity

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