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Aggression and Conflict

Aggression and Conflict. I. What is Aggression?. A. Aggression: physical or verbal behavior that is most often intended to cause harm. B. Instrumental Aggression: aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal. C. Hostile Aggression: aggressive behavior fueled by anger

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Aggression and Conflict

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  1. Aggression and Conflict

  2. I. What is Aggression? A. Aggression: physical or verbal behavior that is most often intended to cause harm. B. Instrumental Aggression:aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal. C. Hostile Aggression:aggressive behavior fueled by anger and directly intended to hurt another person as an end in itself. D. Relational Aggression:aggressive behavior aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being.

  3. II. What Are Some Key Theories and Causes of Aggression? A. Biological Bases B. The Frustration-Aggression Theory:the idea that frustration caused by a failure to obtain a desired or expected goal leads to aggressive behavior. 1) Displaced Aggression:the transference of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target.

  4. 2) Triggered Displaced Aggression:the more similar a potential target of displaced aggression is to the source of the frustration, the greater the likelihood of displacement upon that target. Initial Experimenter Insult YES NO LONG TIME IN COLD WATER SHORT TIME IN COLD WATER YES Secondary Other “Pseudo” Participant Insult SHORT TIME IN COLD WATER SHORT TIME IN COLD WATER NO

  5. Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory C. Social Learning Theory:we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others and by being rewarded and punished. 1) Bandura’s “Bobo” Doll Studies 2) Family Influence 3) Cultural Influence 4) The Rewards of Aggression

  6. D. Relative Deprivation: the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself. E. Pain F. Heat G. Odor Zap for Zap! Baseball… Hitting the Hitter! Cigarette Smoke and Flatulence! H. Alcohol I. Arousal 1) Arousal magnifies whatever emotion you may be experiencing.

  7. J. Aggression Cues

  8. K. Violence Among Intimate Partners L. Pornography and Sexual Violence

  9. M. Television and Aggression 1) Six out often TV shows portray violence. 2) It’s usually glamorized, trivialized, or glorified. Televised violence affects our thinking through… 1) Desensitization 2) Social Scripts 3) Altered Perceptions 4) Cognitive Priming

  10. N. Video Games and Aggression 1) Virtual violence (video games) may have a stronger effect than passive media (television). 2) Virtual violence increases aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and decreases prosocial (helping) behavior. O. A History of Violence

  11. III. Reducing Aggression A. Catharsis:emotional release. The notion that aggressive drives are reduced when one “releases” aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing about aggressive activity. B. Sublimation: this refers to the transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into acceptable and prosocial behaviors.

  12. C. Operant Conditioning: learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. The individual learns from the consequences of “operating” in the environment. 1) Positive Reinforcement:increases desired behavior by rewarding that behavior. 2) Negative Punishment: decreases undesired behavior by removing something pleasant. D. Forms of Discipline What doesn’t work well... 1) Power Assertion: disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control. What does work well... 2) Inductive Techniques: disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.

  13. IV. Conflict I. Behavior Traps:Situations in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviors. A. The Prisoner’s Dilemma: a situation in which a person must choose between a cooperative act and an act very beneficial only to himself or herself and most likely hurtful to others.

  14. B. TheCommons Dilemma: people who share a common resource tend to overuse it and therefore make it unavailable in the long run. II. Getting Out of Behavior Traps A. Regulation B. Make the Group Small C. Communication D. Change the Payoffs E. Reciprocal Altruism:helping others with the understanding that they are supposed to eventually help us. F. Avoid Moochers

  15. V. Key Remedies for Conflict A. Superordinate Goal:a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people’s differences. B. Friendships C. Equal-Status D. Reconciliation

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