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Warm Up

Warm Up. What do you know about how the nervous system is organized?. Objectives:. To learn how the nervous system is organized. To learn about major regions of the brain. To learn how one neuron communicates with the next (neurotransmission). Central Nervous System-

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Warm Up

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  1. Warm Up • What do you know about how the nervous system is organized?

  2. Objectives: • To learn how the nervous system is organized. • To learn about major regions of the brain. • To learn how one neuron communicates with the next (neurotransmission).

  3. Central Nervous System- • Made of brain and spinal cord • Processes information Peripheral Nervous System- • Made of all other nerves • Sends messages towards or away from central nervous system

  4. CNS: Regions of the Brain

  5. Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System Brain and spinal cord Motor division Sensory division Sensory receptors Muscles and organs Peripheral Nervous System

  6. Nervous system Centralnervoussystem Peripheralnervoussystem Spinalcord Sensorypathways Motorpathways Brain Somatic(voluntary)nervous system Autonomic(involuntary)nervous system • Sympathetic • arousal & energy production • “fight or flight” • Parasympathetic • calming & back to maintenance • “rest & digest” Sympatheticdivision Parasympatheticdivision

  7. Types of neurons cell body sensory neuron cell body axon interneuron “associative” dendrites dendrites cell body motor neuron

  8. Motor Neuron Anatomy Direction of electrical signal Dendrites Dendrite Cell body Cell body Axon Axon Axon branches

  9. Neurons interact through synapses Postsynaptic neuron Presynaptic neuron Synapse Direction of signal

  10. Synapse

  11. Brain Development Nervous Systems

  12. associative neurons nerve cords radial nerve nerveribs nerve net FlatwormPlatyhelminthes Cnidarian Echinoderm Cephalization = Brain evolution • Cephalization= clustering of neurons in “brain” at front (anterior) end of bilaterally symmetrical animals  where sense organs are More organization but still based on nerve nets; supports more complex movement Simplest, defined central nervous system more complex muscle control Simplest nervous system no control of complex actions

  13. giant axon central nervous system brain brain ventral nerve cords peripheral nerves Mollusk Earthworm Arthropod Cephalization = Brain evolution • increase in interneurons in brain region More complex brains connected to all other parts of body by peripheral nerves More complex brains in predators most sophisticated invertebrate nervous system Further brain development ganglia = neuron clusters along CNS

  14. Shark Frog Crocodile Cat Human Spinal cord Hind: Medulla oblongata Hind: Cerebellum Optic tectum Bird Midbrain Fore: Cerebrum Olfactory tract Evolution of vertebrate brain forebrain forebraindominant cerebrum hindbrain forebrain

  15. Human brain

  16. Functional divisions of brain • Hindbrain • evolutionary older structures of the brain • regulate essential autonomic & integrative functions • brainstem • pons • medulla oblongata • midbrain • cerebellum • thalamus, hypothalamus

  17. Brainstem • The “lower brain” • medulla oblongata • pons • midbrain • Functions • homeostasis • coordination of movement • conduction of impulses to higher brain centers

  18. Medulla oblongata & Pons • Controls autonomic homeostatic functions • heart & blood vessel activity • breathing • swallowing • vomiting • digestion • Relays information to & from higher brain centers

  19. Midbrain • Involved in the integration of sensory information • regulation of visual reflexes • regulation of auditory reflexes

  20. Reticular Formation • Sleep & wakefulness produces patterns of electrical activity in the brain • recorded as an ElectroEncephaloGram (EEG) • most dreaming during REM(rapid eye movement) sleep

  21. Cerebrum • Most highly evolved structure of mammalian brain • Cerebrum divided • hemispheres • left = right side of body • right = left side of body • Corpus callosum • major connection between 2 hemispheres

  22. Lateralization of Brain Function • Left hemisphere • language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details • detailed activities required for motor control • Right hemisphere • pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

  23. Cerebrum specialization • Regions of the cerebrum are specialized for different functions • Lobes • frontal • temporal • occipital • parietal

  24. Limbic system Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory Amygdala involved in recognizing emotional content of facial expression

  25. Simplest Nerve Circuit • Reflex, or automatic response • rapid response • automated • signal only goes to spinal cord • no higher level processing • adaptive value • essential actions • don’t need to think or make decisions about • blinking • balance • pupil dilation • startle

  26. Eye Blink or Pain Withdrawal Reflex Gray matter Interneuron Stimulus White matter Receptor in skin Sensory neuron Motor neuron Spinal cord Effector (muscle)

  27. cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord cervical nerves thoracic nerves lumbar nerves femoral nerve sciatic nerve tibial nerve Any Questions??

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