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Microbiology

Microbiology. What is microbiology?. Study of microscopic (living ) things  microorganism. The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese in 1990 . 3 Domains. Eubacteria - true bacteria, peptidoglycan

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Microbiology

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  1. Microbiology

  2. What is microbiology? Study of microscopic (living ) things  microorganism

  3. The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese in 1990

  4. 3 Domains • Eubacteria - true bacteria, peptidoglycan • Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. • Eukarya- have a nucleus and organelles

  5. Insert figure 1.15 Woese-Fox System

  6. Naming Micoorganisms • Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names: • Genus - noun, always capitalized • species - adjective, lowercase • Both italicized or underlined • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) • Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) • Escherichia coli (E. coli) • Inspiration for names is extremely varied and often imaginative

  7. Size of microbes • Bacteria : 1.0 – 0.5 x 1.0 – 10 mm • Fungi : 8.0 – 15 x 4.0 – 8 mm • Alga : 28 – 32 x 8.0 – 12 mm • Protozoa: 0.01 – 0.5 mm • Virus : 0.015 – 0.3 mm • (Human eye) can see 0.1 mm (1 x 10-3 m)

  8. Tools of Microbiology • Light Microscope - live specimens - 1,000 x mag. or less • Electron Microscope - non-living specimens - > 1,000 x mag.

  9. Microscope Light microscope Electron microscope

  10. Techniques of Microbiology • Staining – to better see structures • Microbial Culture - growing the microbe • Container for microbe culture - usually Petri dish • Culture media - Food for the microbes - E.g. Agar – (from red algae) - Others such as nutrient broths

  11. Staining

  12. Solid media

  13. Liquid media

  14. Scope of Microbiology • Environmental Microbiology • Industrial Microbiology • Agricultural Microbiology • Medical Microbiology • Food Microbiology

  15. What is the importance of studying microbiology?

  16. Benefits • Genetic engineering • Synthesis of chemical products • Recycling sewage • Bioremediation: use microbes to remove toxins (oil spills) • Use of microbes to control crop pests • Manufacture of food and drink

  17. Harmful effects • Cause disease (basis for bioterrorism) • Food spoilage • Food poisoning Listeria Staphylococcus aureus Flu virus Yersinia HIV

  18. Worldwide infectious disease statistics Depicts the 10 most common infectious causes of disease

  19. History of Microbiology • 1590 – First compound light microscope Zacharias Janssen

  20. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) • Dutch linen merchant • First to observe living microbes • Single-lens magnified up to 300X Insert figure 1.8

  21. Insert figure 1.9 (a) microscope

  22. 1796 – First vaccine (smallpox) Edward Jenner

  23. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms • Developed pasteurization • Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease • Developed a rabies vaccine Insert figure 1.11

  24. Page 14.d

  25. 1867 Antiseptic Surgery/techniques Joseph Lister

  26. 1876 – specific m.o cause specific diseases • Pure culture technique Robert Koch

  27. Robert Koch (1843-1910) • Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory • Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera • Developed pure culture methods Insert figure 1.12

  28. Koch’s Postulates Determining the causative or etiologic agent of infectious disease: • Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease. • Isolate that microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it artificially in the laboratory. • Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate and observe the resultant disease. • Reisolate the agent from this subject.

  29. 1885 - Vaccine against Rabies (Louis Pasteur)

  30. 1929 Discovery of Penicillin (first antibiotic) Alexander Fleming

  31. 1938 – First Electron Microscope • The electron microscope is capable of magnifying biological specimens up to one million times. These computer enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified, respectively, 150,000, 150,000 and 90,000 times.

  32. History 1953 Structure of DNA Revealed Watson & Crick

  33. 1954 Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk

  34. Microbiology today • Immunology  clinical application of immune reaction, diagnose disease. • Virology  phage therapy • Genetic engineering/ Recombinant DNA Tech.  improvement of microorganism

  35. References: • Introduction of Microbiology, Third Edition. 2004. John L. Ingraham, Catherine A. Ingraham. • Principles of Modern Microbiology. 2008. Mark Wheelis.

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