Influences on Southeast Asia's Early Civilizations

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Influences on Southeast Asia Map: Southeast Asian Kingdoms Early Kingdoms and Empires Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Chinese Culture on Japan Civilizations of Southeast Asia

2. Civilizations of Southeast Asia Main Idea The early civilizations of Southeast Asia were influenced by geography and the cultures of India and China. • Reading Focus • What factors influenced early civilizations in the region of Southeast Asia? • What early kingdoms and empires developed in Southeast Asia?

3. Two Parts of Southeast Asia Geography • Southeast Asia divided in two parts—mainland Southeast Asia, and island Southeast Asia • Mainland—modern nations of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, part of Malaysia • Island—Sumatra, Borneo, Java, rest of Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore • Several rivers flow south on mainland • Valleys, deltas of rivers supported farming, home to early civilizations • Separating rivers, rugged mountains, limited contact among people • Islands surrounded by seas, straits; provided sources of food, travel, served as trade routes Influences on Southeast Asia India and China shaped the development of civilization in the region of Southeast Asia. Geography and trade also played important roles.

5. Trade • Southeast Asia waterways, main trade routes between India, China • Two most important: Malacca Strait between Malay Peninsula, Sumatra; Sunda Strait, between Sumatra, Java • Control of these, other important trade routes, brought wealth, power • Winds • Monsoons, seasonal winds, shaped trade • Winds blow northeast in summer, southwest in winter • Ships relied on monsoons to sail from place to place, often had to wait in port until winds shifted to resume voyage • Many Southeast Asian port cities became important economic centers

6. By AD 100s, Indian merchants had begun prosperous sea trade with Southeast Asia Overland trade routes through Central Asia more dangerous after fall of Han dynasty, 220 Seaborne trade between China, India increased Traders passed through Southeast Asia; exchanged goods for local products Sea Trade in Southeast Asia

7. Other Influences Traders and Missionaries • Indian ideas on writing, science, government, art spread to Southeast Asia • Ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, came into wide use • Chinese influences spread by conquest, trade, migration • China controlled northern Vietnam at different times, strongly influenced that region • Chinese, Indian traders influenced Southeast Asia • Indian influence spread through trade, missionaries • Indian missionaries introduced Hinduism, Buddhism; many kingdoms adopted the religions, built temples in Indian style • Eventually Indians brought Islam; remains strong today India and China

8. Identify Cause and Effect How did trade influence Southeast Asia? Answer(s): Ports became the economic centers of Southeast Asia; Indian and Chinese influence spread to Southeast Asia through trade

9. Early Kingdoms and Empires • Small but Powerful • Several early kingdoms, empires arose in Southeast Asia • Most small, a few quite powerful • Blended influences from India, China to create own unique societies, cultures • The Pagan Kingdom • AD 800s, Burmans established kingdom of Pagan, in what is now Myanmar • Located in fertile Irrawaddy River valley, ideal for rice farming • First king, Anawrahta, ruled 1044 to 1077, conquered surrounding areas • Conquests • 1057, Anawrahta united much of what is now Myanmar under his rule • Conquests provided Pagan with access to trading ports • Anawrahta’s kingdom prospered

10. Anawrahta, successors supported Theravada Buddhism, built thousands of Buddhist temples Pagan became center of Buddhist learning 1287, Kublai Khan’s Mongols demanded tribute from Pagan; king refused and attacked; was crushed One of king’s own sons killed him, then agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols Pagan survived, but lost power Today Myanmar people consider Pagan classical age of history, culture The Pagan Kingdom

11. Indian Influence Rich from Rice • Khmer Empire reflected strong Indian influence • Adopted Hindu, Buddhist beliefs, ruled as gods • Empire’s capital city, Angkor, symbolized shape of Hindu universe, temple at its center • Built vast temple complexes; Angkor Wat ruins still stand • Empire grew prosperous from rice farming • Built irrigation system covering 12.5 million acres, grew several crops per year The Khmer Empire • Powerful Khmer empire arose southeast of Pagan, in what is now Cambodia • Early 800s, Khmer people began to conquer kingdoms around them, build great empire • Empire reached height between 850 and 1250, controlled much of Southeast Asian mainland • Expensive building projects, invaders contributed to empire’s decline

12. Trading Kingdoms • Trading Kingdoms • Several developed on islands of Southeast Asia • Kingdom of Sailendra on Java flourished, 750 to 850 • Relied on agriculture, trade • Sailendra • Adopted Mahayana Buddhism, known for impressive Buddhist art, architecture • Borobudur monument with terraced levels most famous • Srivijaya • Wealthy empire on Sumatra, flourished 600s to 1200s • Gained wealth from control of overseas trade through Malacca, Sunda straits • Also Buddhist learning center • Control Reduced • 1025, empire attacked by Indian kingdom • Empire survived, but weakened • Control of trade reduced • Islam spread; Muslims came to dominate trade in region

13. Chinese Rule Traditional Customs • Chinese forced Vietnamese to adopt Chinese language, clothing, hairstyles • Confucianism, Daoism influenced Vietnamese society • Adopted Chinese government features, including bureaucracy • Vietnam embraced Buddhism, but still maintained traditional customs • Continued to worship nature spirits alongside other belief systems • Chinese rule shaped life in early Vietnam, but people determined to preserve own culture, identity Vietnam While most of Southeast Asia was strongly influenced by India, Vietnam was strongly influenced by China. In 111 BC the Han dynasty of China conquered the kingdom of Nam Viet, in what is now northern Vietnam. They ruled the region off and on for the next 1,000 years. In hopes of regaining their independence, the Vietnamese sometimes rebelled when Chinese rule grew weak.

14. Rebellion in Vietnam • Rebellion • AD 39, one of most famous Vietnamese rebellions took place • Two sisters, Trung Trac, Trung Nhi raised army, briefly drove Chinese out • Chinese soon regained control; sisters remain heroes in Vietnam today • Independence • Early 900s, fall of China’s Tang dynasty provided Vietnamese another chance at independence; this time successful • 939, established independent kingdom in what is now northern Vietnam • Dai Viet • Rulers of Dai Viet sent tribute to China, but remained independent • Chinese failed in attempts to reconquer Vietnam; 1285, Mongols invaded; Dai Viet prince Tran Quoc Toan defeated them, became a hero

15. Contrast How did the development of early Vietnam differ from the development of kingdoms and empires in the rest of Southeast Asia? Answer(s): was ruled by China; influenced by China rather than India

17. VideoThe Impact of Chinese Culture on Japan Click above to play the video.