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Explore the new farming practices, rise of trade, and growth of cities that shaped European society during the Middle Ages.
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World History • Ch. 10 “Europe in the Middle Ages” 1000 - 1500
Daily Objectives • 1. Discuss the new farming practices, the growth of trade, & the rise of cities that created a flourishing European society. • 2. Explain how the revival of trade & the development of a money economy offered new opportunities for people.
I. The New Agriculture • Population doubled • Causes: Europe was more settled, stable & peaceful • dramatic expansion in food production • change in climate
The New Agriculture • more land was cultivated as peasants cut down trees & drained swamps • new technology, labor-saving devices • Wind & water power
Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind Watermills use the power of running water to do work. The watermill was invented as early as the second century B.C. It was not used much in the Roman Empire because the Romans had many slaves and had no need to mechanize. In the High Middle Ages, watermills became easier to build as the use of metals became more common. In 1086, the survey of English land known as the Domesday Book listed about six thousand watermills in England.
The New Agriculture • New devices made from iron • Scythes, axes & hoes • saws, hammers & nails • *carruca, a heavy wheeled plow with an iron plowshare • Turn over heavy clay soils
The New Agriculture • *Two new inventions for the horse made it possible to plow faster • 1. A new collar • 2. The use of the horseshoe
The New Agriculture • The shift from a 2-field to a 3-field system of crop rotation added to the increase in food production • kept the soil from being exhausted so quickly, which allowed more crops to be grown
http://nutrients.ifas.ufl.edu/images/research%20images/Incorporation%20Cover%20Crop%20Web.jpghttp://nutrients.ifas.ufl.edu/images/research%20images/Incorporation%20Cover%20Crop%20Web.jpg
three-field 600 to avoid wearing out the soil 450
II. The Manorial System • *manor - an agricultural estate run by a lord & worked by peasants • serfs - or peasants • Serfs had to provide labor services, pay rents, & be subject to the lord’s control
II. The Manorial System • By 800, 60% of the people in western Europe were serfs • Serfs cultivated 1/3 to ½ for their lords, they worked the other half for themselves • Serfs paid rent by giving the lords a share of every product
II. The Manorial System • Serfs also paid the lords to use pasturelands, woodlands, streams, and ponds. • Peasants also paid a tithe (a tenth of their produce) to the church • Serfs could not leave the manor with the lord’s permission
II. The Manorial System • Could not marry anyone outside the manor without the lord’s approval • Serfs had to pay for certain services, such as having their grain ground into flour in the lord’s mill
II. The Manorial System • Serfs were not slaves • Land could not be taken away • Duty of the lord to protect his serfs, giving them the safety they needed to grow crops
III. Daily Life of the Peasantry • Simple life • Two room homes, one for cooking & eating the other for sleeping • A hearth in the main room was used for heating & cooking • No windows or chimney
A. Cycle of Labor • Seasons of the year largely determined peasant activities • Harvest time in August & Sept. • Oct. worked the ground for farming • Nov. the slaughter
A. Cycle of Labor • Feb. & March the land was plowed for the planting of spring crops • Early summer was a fairly relaxed time • Also worked the lords land • Feast days, or holidays
A. Cycle of Labor • A total of more than 50 days were essentially holidays • Village church, play a crucial part of manorial life • Women worked the fields and bore children
B. Food & Drink • Basic staple was bread • Contained wheat, rye but also barley, millet and oats • Vegetables, cheese from cow’s or goat’s milk, nuts, berries, fruits; apples, pears, & cherries • Eggs, & meat only on feast days
B. Food & Drink • Pure source of water was not easy to find • Grains for making ale • Wine for the upper class, ale was the drink of the poor • 3 gallons of ale a day
Somersaulting was done for entertainment and leisure in medieval London This medieval manuscript page shows a London scene
IV. The Revival of Trade • Associated growth of towns & cities • Italian cities took the lead • Venice, with close ties to the Byzantine Empire • Developed a merchant fleet
IV. The Revival of Trade • Flanders near present-day Belgium & northern France • Known for its much desired, high-quality woolen cloth • Location made it ideal for the traders of northern Europe
IV. The Revival of Trade • Trade fairs brought fur, woolen cloth, tin, hemp & honey • Exchanged for cloth, swords, silks, sugar & spices • As trade increased, demand for gold & silver coins arose
The Revival of Trade • *money economy - an economic system based on money, rather than barter • *commercial capitalism - an economic system in which people invested in trade & goods in order to make profits
V. The Growth of Cities • Revival of trade led to a revival of cities
A. Cities Old & New • Merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities • followed by craftspeople & artisans • goods could be sold by the merchants
Cities Old & New • New cities in towns especially in northern Europe • merchants built settlement near a castle for protection • *merchants & artisans of these cities later came to be calledbourgeoisie
Cities Old & New • 1200’s London - England’s largest city • Italian cities of Venice, Florence & Milan
B. City Government • Towns depended on the surrounding manors • towns were often part of the territory belonging to a lord & were subject to his authority • Townspeople needed freedom to trade
City Government • Lords & kings were willing to sell the townspeople their liberties • right to buy & sell property • freedom from military service • freedom of the townspeople • right for an escaped serf to become a free person
City Government • People gained these basic liberties • towns began to govern themselves • Developed their own governments for running the affairs of the community
City Government • Only males born in the city, who lived there some time were citizens • Elections were carefully rigged to make sure that only *patricians - members of the wealthiest & most powerful families were elected
VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City • Cities had narrow, winding streets • Houses were crowded • Danger of fire was great • Cities were dirty & smelled from animal & human waste • Air pollution from coal
VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City • Unable to stop water pollution • Butchers dumped blood, tanners unloaded tannic acids, dried blood, fat, hair and other waste products into the water • Public baths
VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City • Women expected to supervise the household, prepare meals, raise the children & manage the family’s finances • Help husband in their trades • Some became brewers, weavers & hat makers
VII. Industry & Guilds • Cities & towns became important centers for manufacturing • cloth, metalwork's, shoes & leather goods • craftspeople organized into *guilds -or business associations
VII. Industry & Guilds • Tanners, carpenters & bakers • Specialized groups such as dealers in silk, spices, wool or money (banking) • set standards for quality • methods of production • fixed prices
VII. Industry & Guilds • Apprentice, a person who wanted to learn a trade • were not paid • After 7 years they became a journeymen & worked for wages for other masters
Industry & Guilds • masterpiece - a finished piece • This piece allowed a master craftspeople of the guild to judge whether a journeymen was qualified to become a master & join a guild
