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15.3 energy in the atmosphere

15.3 energy in the atmosphere. The Water Cycle Continues. Learning Targets. Describe how energy is transmitted Describe the Earth’s heat budget and what happens to the Sun’s energy Discuss the importance of convection in the atmosphere Describe how a planet’s heat budget can be balanced

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15.3 energy in the atmosphere

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  1. 15.3 energy in the atmosphere The Water Cycle Continues

  2. Learning Targets • Describe how energy is transmitted • Describe the Earth’s heat budget and what happens to the Sun’s energy • Discuss the importance of convection in the atmosphere • Describe how a planet’s heat budget can be balanced • Describe the greenhouse effect and why it is so important for life on Earth

  3. Energy • All matter has energy • All atoms are in constant motion • Law of Conservation of Energy • Energy cannot be created or destroyed • Examples: photosynthesis (solar chemical) • Many forms • Light, heat, motion, electrical, nuclear, etc.

  4. Transfer of Heat Energy • Through matter • Conduction – contact in solids • Convection – movement of heated particles in fluids • Radiation • Through empty space • Electromagnetic waves

  5. Radiant Energy • Radiation • Ultraviolet (UV) • High energy, damages DNA, shorter wavelength • Source: Sun, specialty lights • Visible • Energy we detect as light and color • Source: Sun, flashlight, candle • Infrared • Low energy, felt as heat, longer wavelength • Source: all matter above absolute zero

  6. Solar Energy That Reaches Earth’s Surface • Ultraviolet • ~7% • UVA, UVB, UVC • All UVC blocked by ozone • 99% of UV blocked by ozone layer • Visible • ~44% • Infrared • ~49% • Solar heat

  7. Solar Energy • What are some objects that appear to radiate visible light, but actually do not? • Reflection – When light (or another wave type) bounces back from a surface • Albedo – Measure of how well a surface reflects light (another wave type)

  8. Temperature vs. Heat • Temperature is a measure of how fast the atoms in a material are vibrating • Heat is taken in or released when an object changes state of matter • Measures the material’s total energy • As temperature increases, the molecules vibrate faster, which generates heat.

  9. Heat in the Atmosphere • Moves mostly by convection • Weather and wind • It’s all about warm and cold water • Controlled by water • Latent heat • Absorbs/releases heat during phase changes • High specific heat

  10. Latent Heat

  11. Specific Heat • The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of material by 1.00 C. • Water vs. Asphalt

  12. Solar Radiation on Earth • Insolation – differences in the amount of solar radiation that reaches a given area in a given time • Cause winds, affect climate, drive ocean currents • Solar radiation unevenly distributed

  13. Seasons • Caused by tilt of the earth on its axis • Winter solar energy • Less direct • Fewer hours each day • More on this in other units

  14. Earth’s Heat Budget • Absorb vs. Albedo • Albedo: measure of how well a surface reflects light (Reflection of Solar Energy) • Low albedo: dark soil or rock • High albedo: fresh snow • One exception: The Greenhouse Effect

  15. Greenhouse Effect • Warms troposphere • Infrared heat is reflected back to the surface • Don’t confuse with o-zone; UV reflects out to space • Natural process • May be affected by humans • Greenhouse gases • Methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor, CFCs

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