Settling the Chesapeake and the Introduction of Slavery

1. SettlingtheChesapeakeand theIntroductionofSlavery

2. The Chesapeake • King James issued the first Virginia Charter on April 10, 1606. • The following December 104 men and boy landed with instructions to establish a fortified outpost about 100 miles up a large navigable river – they chose the James River. • Almost immediately, disappointed that treasures were not laying on the ground for the taking, problems arose and by 1609 the Virginia Company began to attempt to obtain a new charter so they could reorganize the colony. • Because of a lack of leadership, starvation was a real possibility during the winter of 1609-1610. • In June 1610 the Virginia settlers vacated the colony: they met Lord De La Warr as they traveled down the James who established rule by martial law and forced the settlers to return saving the colony. • John Rolfe experimented with a local weed – tobacco – and discovering that it was milder than the tobacco of the West Indies exported a small portion and almost immediately it caught on with European smokers who preferred the milder taste.

3. Pocahantas Captain John Smith

4. The “Headright” System England had __________ __________ Virginia had __________ __________ 50 acres free land to those who _______ _______ _______ _______ 50 acres free land to those who _______ _______ _______ _______ 50 acres after __ years if _______ _______ _______ _______. Tremendous incentive to _______ _______ _______ _______ To _______ _______, offered chance to _______ _______ _______ Between 1619 – 1624 more than 4,500 settlers arrived

5. The House of BurgessesFirst _______ _______ _______ in North America1619

6. The Powhatan Wars

7. Potential Sources of Laborers __________ __________ __________ __________

8. Indentured Servitude Seemed to solve two problems • ______________ in ______________ • __________ __________ _______ __________ Characteristics of Indentured Contracts • Passage paid in exchange for XX years of service determined by the age at the time the contract was made • Servants provided with proper ____ and ____ and ______ at the end of the contract • Despite apparent legal safeguards, ________ could treat _________ ________ as they ______ – they were ______ _________ _________. Problems: • _______ _______ _______ • _______/_______ _______ • _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

9. Characteristics of the Chesapeake • _____, _____ _____ in the late teens and early twenties (early ___ out numbered ______ 6:1) • Life expectancy ______ than the _____ of the _________ • By 1618 Virginia still had a population of only _______. • _____ more people sent by _____ but the _______ _______ to only ______. • By 1624 the King was _________ by _________ _____________ and he ________ the Virginia Company and made Virginia a _______ _______, _______ a _______ and _______ _______. • The _____ of _______ which had begun to meet in ____ continued to meet despite a ____ of _______ and in ____ the King _________ the _______ _______. • In Virginia the “_____ _____” became the most important institution of _______ _______ serving as a center for ______, ________ and __________ __________.

10. Characteristics of New England • Settled mostly by _______ who came to the New World looking for a place in which they could _______ _______ _______ _______. • Immigrated as _______ _______: consequently __________ was more _______. • Accepted Calvin’s _______ of _______. • All unscriptural elements of worship should be removed from the Church. • While a corporation was formed – the _______ __ _______ – to make settlement into a _______ _______ on the ________. • On August 26, 1629 John Winthrop and 11 associates secretly signed the __________ __________. • The _______ _______ allowed the joint-stock (most of which held annual meetings at a predetermined location) to hold its ________ ________ ________ ________. (In America neither the king nor the archbishop would be able to _____ ____ ____ _____.) • In New England the _____ became the center of ________ ______. • ______________ formed the ____ of _____ ____ – each local congregation was independent and each person independently covenanted with the Lord and with each other to walk according to the way of God.

11. Initial Landing of Slaves • 1619 – Dutch ship lands at Jamestown with approximately 20 Africans • Exact status disputed – slaves/indentured servants • Until the end of the 17th Century the status of blacks was ____________ • English were greatly influenced by what they observed in the ________, especially on _______, concerning the slavery practices of both the _______ and the ___________. • The _____ _____ ______ was chartered in 1672 to supply planters with a ________ _____ of ________ ________. • Gradually, as the slave population grew, laws concerning blacks became stricter largely because of the _____ the _______ had of the _______. • Blacks were considered _________, _____, _______ – __________ and without ________. Subjecting them to slavery was a _____ to them because at least that way they would be ________ to __________. • Because Africans were uncivilized, beasts and savages they would always seek some means by which they could ____ _____ ___ and – even worse to the whites – ____ _____ _____. • By the end of the 17th Century the American colonies had transformed from a society of ______ to a ______ ________.

12. Slave Routes

13. What is Slavery? SLAVERY IS: • __________ __________ • __________ __________ __________ • an _________ _________ (transferred through the __________)

14. Early Africans in Virginia • John Punch • Antonio a Negro => Anthony Johnson • John Casor

15. John Punch • Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia • 9th Of July, 1640 • Whereas Hugh Gwyn hath by order from this Board Brought back from Maryland three servants formerly run away from the said Gwyn, the court doth therefore order that the said three servants shall receive the punishment of whipping and to have thirty stripes apiece one called Victor, a dutchman, the other a Scotchman called James Gregory, shall first serve out their times with their master according to their Indentures, and one whole year apiece after the time of their service is Expired. By their said Indentures in recompense of his Loss sustained by their absence and after that service to their said master is Expired to serve the colony for three whole years apiece, and that the third being a negro named John Punch shall serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural Life here or elsewhere.

16. Johnson vs Parker … seriously consideringe and maturely weighing the premisses, doe fynde that the saide Mr. Robert Parker most unjustly keepeth the said Negro from Anthony Johnson his master… It is therefore the Judgement of the Court and ordered That the said John Casor Negro forthwith returne unto the service of the said master Anthony Johnson, And that Mr. Robert Parker make payment of all charges in the suit.

24. “Kolchin argues that colonial farmers made decisions about the type of labor to be employed (indentured or slave) based upon pragmatic economic considerations. He further asserts that once slavery was adopted as the preferred labor source, racism was used to justify and reinforce that decision.”

25. Virginia, 1639 Act X. All persons except Negroes are to be provided with arms and ammunitions or be fined at the pleasure of the governor and council. Maryland, 1664 That whatsoever free-born [English] woman shall intermarry with any slave. . . shall serve the master of such slave during the life of her husband; and that all the issue of such free-born women, so married shall be slaves as their fathers were. Virginia, 1667 Act III. Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children that are slaves by birth. . . should by virtue of their baptism be made free, it is enacted that baptism does not alter the condition to the person as to his bondage or freedom; masters freed from this doubt may more carefully propagate Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament. Virginia, 1682 Act I. It is enacted that all servants. . . which [sic] shall be imported into this country either by sea or by land, whether Negroes, Moors [Muslim North Africans], mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some Christian. . . and all Indians, which shall be sold by our neighborign Indians, or any other trafficing with us for slaves, are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.