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G3: Assessing Assistive Technology Usability and Its Effect on the Digital Divide Ryan S. Overdorf

" Footbridge " by Tim Green, modified and used under CC BY 2.0. G3: Assessing Assistive Technology Usability and Its Effect on the Digital Divide Ryan S. Overdorf. Introduction. My typing vs. my use of Dragon NaturallySpeaking.

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G3: Assessing Assistive Technology Usability and Its Effect on the Digital Divide Ryan S. Overdorf

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  1. "Footbridge" by Tim Green, modified and used under CC BY 2.0 G3: Assessing Assistive Technology Usability and Its Effect on the Digital Divide Ryan S. Overdorf

  2. Introduction My typing vs. my use of Dragon NaturallySpeaking "Assistive Technology program welcome typing skills demonstration" uploaded by roverdo "Assistive technology program Dragon NaturallySpeaking demonstration" uploaded by roverdo

  3. The Digital Divide in Context Speech to Text Text to Speech Eye Tracking

  4. Speech to Text Generally “Cell Phone Voice Commands” by Ryan S. Overdorf used under CC BY-NC 2.0 “Closed Captioning on YouTube” by Ryan S. Overdorf used under CC BY-NC 2.0

  5. Speech to Text Explained 1952 -- First speech recognition machine 1975 -- First application of a Hidden Markov Model Equation copied from Wikipedia article “Markov Chain” and used under CC BY-SA 3.0 “Hidden Markov Model with Output” by Tdunning used under CC BY 3.0 1997 -- Introduction of Dragon NaturallySpeaking

  6. Speech to Text Limitations MouseGrid demo “Assistive technology program MouseGrid demonstration” uploaded by roverdo “Speedy Mouse” by Jaisey used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

  7. Text to Speech Explained 1939 -- First speech synthesizer 1976 -- First talking calculator 1987 -- Introduction of JAWS screen reader “VODER (1939) - Early Speech Synthesizer” uploaded by VintageGC Perfect Paul in use “Stephen Hawking discusses his stint on 'The Simpsons'” uploaded by shazzatpm's

  8. The Kindle as a Screen Reader Amazon Kindle 3 Text to speech “Amazon Kindle 3 Text to speech ” uploaded by LoneReaction

  9. Screen Readers and PDF NVDA PDF demo “Assistive technology program NVDA screen reader and untagged PDF demonstration” uploaded by roverdo “Assistive technology program NVDA screen reader and tagged PDF demonstration” uploaded by roverdo

  10. Screen Reader Web Page Behavior • Follows keyboard focus order or tab index order • Can skip between headings or lists if structured properly • Responses to images are inconsistent without alt text • Responses to input boxes are inconsistent without labels

  11. Inaccessible Websites Jaws "Hidden Heroes" inaccessible website demo “Assistive technology program JAWS screen reader web accessibility demonstration” uploaded by roverdo

  12. Compliance with WCAG 2.0 http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/ 1 (5 pass AChecker plus 15 near misses)

  13. Text to Speech Limitations • Wikipedia reports the average reading rate to be 250-300 WPM • Wikipedia reports the average listening rate to be 150 WPM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_per_minute

  14. Eye Tracking a.k.a. Gaze Tracking • 1879 -- First measurement of eye movements • 1988 -- Introduction of Eyegaze eye tracking system • 2002 -- Introduction of Tobii Eye Tracker • Christopher Taylor and his Tobii C12 (ALS) • 2011 -- Tobiidemos an eye-tracking laptop prototype made by Lenovo “Christopher Taylor and his Tobii C12 (ALS)” uploaded by AACTobii

  15. Challenges and Solutions for the Future • Each technology needs better mathematical models and more processing power. • Despite the limitations, current technology is sufficiently advanced to make a real difference in bridging the digital divide.

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