Gene Mutations

1. Gene Mutations • Changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism. • Dr. Timmel

2. Mutations • Mutations arise when the sequence of nucleotides within an organisms nucleic acids is changed. • The impact of these mutations on the organism can range from life threatening to completely inconsequential. • Mutations are random, though some risky behaviors can put an individual at a greater danger of a mutation.

3. The good, the bad and the ugly. • Mutations are an important ingredient to the theory of evolution by natural selection, as they increase the amount of genetic diversity in a population. • Usually (>99%) mutations are deleterious (bad) to an organism. • However, on occasion, a mutation gives an individual a selective advantage, and will increase in frequency within a population. • Mutations will never, ever give you superpowers.

4. What causes mutations? • Agents that can cause mutations are called MUTAGENS. • Some examples are: • Chemicals (Such as the ones in cigarette smoke) • Ultra-violet or ionizing radiation • Viruses

5. Types of genetic mutations. • There are two main categories of mutation. Point mutations and frame shift mutations. In a point mutation, a single nitrogen base is substituted with another. e.g. Normal gene =ATACCGGCATTA Mutated gene =ATACCGTCATTA In this example, a guanine base has been substituted with a thymine.

6. Outcomes of point mutations • There are three possible outcomes of a point mutation. • Silent mutation: The mutated codon codes for the same amino acid. The protein will be unchanged. • Small change mutation: A single amino acid in a protein will be different. The protein will function, but not as well as an unmutated one. Sickle-cell anemia is the result of this type of point mutation.

7. Point mutations (cont.) 3. The stop command mutation: The mutation causes a codon that would have coded for an amino acid to instead code for the stop command. This will lead to incomplete protein fragments that will not function.

8. Types of genetic mutation (cont.) 2. Frame shift mutations: A nitrogen base is either added (insertion) or removed (deleted) from a gene. Normal gene: ATACGGCTATTC Insertion: ATACGAGCTATTC Deletion: ATACGCTATTC (a guanine was deleted)

9. Results of a frame shift mutation • Except in the case of the stop command point mutation, frame shift mutations are much worse than point mutations. • In a gene that has been afflicted with a frame shift mutation, it is unaffected prior to the location of the mutation, but then completely garbled afterwards. • Lets look at an analogy to help illustrate this.

10. Frame shift analogy • Consider the following sentence: • The fat cat sat and ate rat. This represents the normal gene. Each 3-letter word represents a codon in the gene. • Now let us consider what happens in an insertion mutation. Lets insert a “a” between the t in “cat” and the s in “sat”. • The gene would now look like this

11. The fat cat asa tan dat era t As you can see, the portion of the gene before the insertion is unchanged, but from the location of the insertion onwards, the gene is now nonsense. This gene will not translate into a useable protein.